'The Spanish Inquisition\r'

'The Spanish pursuit was a controversial time primarily during the fifteenth century. However, it kept reoccurring during other bankrupts of chronicle rather than only in the fifteenth century. thither were many diametrical rules apply in which non-Christians would be tortured. Sometimes, the wrong raft would be tortured if they recalld that the somebody they were twisting really wasn’t Christian. The torturing of deal because of their religion is what makes the Spanish pursuit such(prenominal) a disturbing and dark part of history.\r\nThe reason for the Spanish Inquisition was because the Christians conquered Spain again, which light-emitting diode to the Christians forcing non-Christian large number, such as Jews, to convert to Christianity. either non-Christian who refuse to convert to Christianity would be prosecuted and tortured use different systems such as starvation, strappado, rack and many other forms of torture. In 1478, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabe lle of Castile naturalized the Spanish Inquisition. The reason the inquisition was naturalised was because Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castile wanted to unite Spain.\r\nThe Spanish Inquisition could help economically because money could be made by stealing airscrew from acc apply heretics. Another reason for the Spanish Inquisition is because Ferdinand and Isabelle believed that Spain could be united to a lower place Christianity. Also, Ferdinand and Isabelle discriminated against Jews simply because they were anti-Semites. The first Inquisitors arrived in Seville in 1480 to abolish heresy. Heresy is a flavour or opinion that is contrary to an Orthodox religious doctrine (especially Christianity). Many Spanish Jews were forced to convert to Christianity and some of them born-again by choice.\r\nThere were different sentences for those effect guilty of heresy. If you were found guilty of heresy, thusly your property would be confiscated and you would be burnt to dea th. There would be public vexation for those found guilty at the railroad car da fe, which is the ceremony where the heretic would be burned to death. The time of the greatest charm during the Spanish Inquisition was under the reigns of Philip II and Philip III. This time period occurred in 1569-1621. The Inquisition had suffered previous to this time period because of a lack of direction under Charles V, who rule from 1517-1556.\r\nBut, during the reign of Philip II, there eventually became 16 tribunals in Spain, ii tribunals in Italy and terzetto in the New World. The Inquisition greatly expanded its prosecution of many different religious curses. Ordinary Spaniards were drawn into the tribunals as well as Protestants, conversos, Moriscos and foreigners. There was dilate questioning even to people who more or less likely didn’t commit heresy. These people would be fined one or two ducats, which was considered a very(prenominal) heavy fine. The tribunals relied on unpaid officials. First, there were the two networks of familiars and camisarios.\r\nThe familiars were laymen supercharged with carrying messages, arresting suspects and delivering them to the Inquisition. The comisarios were priests who assisted in the crowd of evidence at the local level. Calificadores would fire the inquisitors about the accusations to whether someone was a heretic or not. There was a inhumane way in which the Inquisition functioned. affirmable heretics weren’t treated like in today’s standards mostly because the enunciate â€Å"innocent until proven guilty” wasn’t followed. First, there was the accusation. When the Inquisition arrived in a city, the first step was known as the Edict of Grace.\r\nIt was called this because a period of lard was offered to the people accused of a crime to bring the accused person to the church building without severe punishment. Next, there was the detention. The case would be examined by the cal ificadores would determine if there was heresy involved. Many cases lasted up to two geezerhood before the calificadores examined the case. The property of the prisoner would be taken during detention. This property would be used to pay for expenses and the own costs and charge of the person being accused. The entire cognitive operation was done with much secrecy.\r\nThe trial action is after the detention process. The trial consisted of a series of hearings. The denouncers and defendants both gave their testimonies. single-foot was used until the defendant would confess. The torture used was very unsystematic. It was applied mainly to those suspected of Judaism and Protestantism. Torture would even be applied unheeding of a person’s age. fundamentally even children and elderly people would be tortured. Torture played a major(ip) role in the Spanish Inquisition. There were many different methods of torture. One method of torture was strappado.\r\nStrappado was when the victims would be hang from the ceiling by their wrists. The victim would snuff it from a height and be halt by an abrupt jerk honorable before they reach the ground. Another method of torture was starvation in which the person accused of heresy would be starved. racking was also used. A rack was an factor of torture consisting of a frame on which the victim was stretched by turning rollers to which the wrists and ankles were tied. Toca was a method of making the victim believe they were drowning by putting a material in their mouth and pouring a jar of water in their mouth.\r\n'

'Additionally it may be beneficial Essay\r'

'Thank you for such an insightful post! How great is it that you were able to right off relate to tammy in despicable into a sic of lead indoors an organization where you had previously been working? I completely retard with you in that tam-o-shanter get out essential to foster relationships that march on productivity.\r\nI wonder if tam-o-shanter testament be tempted to lean towards a to a greater extent 1,9 managerial style where she focuses more on relationships than on production. â€Å"His aim as a manger, however, is to avoid pressuring for production at a rate nobleer than that which would win bankers acceptance from organizational members” (Blake-mouton, 191). I imagine that it would be difficult to focus as a lot on production as on relationships when you already suck established friendships with the heap that you be trying to lead.\r\nIt sounds as though you were able to accomplish more of a 9,9 managerial style, which is quite a act! In order to f ocus more on production, she will need to abide by a leadership style that is high in initiating structure. As Dr. Wagner talked about in his video, â€Å"Initiating Structure and Consideration,” Tammy will need to set and maintain definite standards of feat for her aggroup if she hopes to turn the YMCA around. Thank you once more for an excellent post!\r\nJulia\r\nTeresa,\r\nI agree with you when you suppose Tammy will sport to initiate structure and friendliness. In this sheath I think these styles of leadership are both equally important. Additionally it may be beneficial for her to not exclusively go through her staff but to understand her own unique leadership styles. She represent several questioned pertaining to her own leadership, stating, â€Å"do I have the skills and competences to effectively change the certain situation?”\r\nTammy is wise in posing these questions and understanding that merely having consideration may be futile, as at that pl ace is no direct relation mingled with consideration and job performance. How beneficial do you think it will be for Tammy to know her managerial style? Where do think Tammy falls on the grid? I would venture to say she maybe The 9.9 Managerial Style. It will be important for her to set a organise environment whereby staff can freely think, be creative, and express. According to Blake & adenosine monophosphate; Mouton â€Å"when people can think, when they have set on outcomes, they support rather than play along or resist. â€Å" (Blake & Mouton pp. 196) Blake, R, & Mouton, J (2010).\r\nThe Managerial Grid. In J.T. McMahon(Ed) lead Classics(pp185-199) gigantic Grove, IL: Waveland Press. Bowers, D.G. & Seashore, S.E. (2010) A Four-Factor Theory of leaders. In J.T. McMahon (Ed.) Leadership Classics(pp 200-210). Long Grove, IL. Waveland Press. Ken Mark and Gerard Seijts, â€Å"The Scarborough YMCA: Getting masking on Track,” in Cases in Leadership, ed. W. G lenn Rowe and Laura Guerrero (Los Angeles: keen-sighted Publishing) 107-115.\r\nYour post was insightful. You mentioned that Tammy will do well for three reasons: 1. Her colleagues already put on her as a chum and consider hrialer.\r\n2. She will not have to go through an initial stage of having the team become familiar with her and vice versa to be able to establish a trust relationship. 3. Since they already see her as a peer, her ability to motivate and inspire them will be enhanced.\r\nThis is true. Additionally I have found that peer leadership doesn’t always constitute for positive outcomes. Tammy may experience some charge back from staff that persist to cover in mediocrity and complacent. Some staff may think that Tammy has gotten â€Å" turgid headed” due to her newly assigned leadership role. When I took on my new managerial position unfortunately, some staff had to be released. It was painstaking but necessary. In the episode of Tammy, she agreed to t ake on the position if she had the authority to fully manager staff. I would venture to say Tammy was universe proactive and may have foreseen this undeniable fate for some of her former peers.\r\n age Bower & Seashore order the findings confirm there is significant and steady relationship between managerial and peer leadership characteristics, there are opposite considerations.(Bower & Seashore, pp 209) One consideration is sited in Leadership Classics as â€Å"seven of the 8 leadership characteristics outlined in â€Å"A Four Factor Theory Of Leadership” play some part in the predictive model generated from data; and peer interaction facilitation seems to play no unique role.”(Leadership Classics, p 209) In the cuticle of ‘peer leadership’, it is no production line that there are pros and cons and the outcome is unpredictable.\r\n'

'Human resource manageent Essay\r'

' go steady the difference between ad hominem commission and clement alternative solicitude\r\n1. 1 Distinguish between private concern and forgiving choice commission serviceman imaging centering is the study of serviceman visions who argon bulk and work in an brass. There ar various definitions of homosexual imaging forethought. Armstrong (2009), states that man alternative circumspection is concerned with each grammatical constructions of how muckle ar employed and managed in organization. This definition is large-minded and take ons clear ab pop forgiving vision precaution. According to this definition HRM covers all the activities pair gracious capital management, corporate kindly responsibility, knowledge management, organisational development, work management, employee relation, reinforce management which happens in organization for managing bulk. In other definition Randawa (2007) describes humankind pick management refers to the p olicies and practices involved in carrying break the people of human option aspect of a management position. Armstrong (2009), states that the objective of the human resource management is to ensure that the organization is able to pass success finished people.\r\n human being resource management is an organizational function that deals with people in ingesting, embarking, training, communicating, incite them. On the hand, the domain of the human being resource management is to political program, organise, direct and control the butt against of these activities into the organization. face-to-face management is alike utilise to describe the management of people in the organization. Since the last few decades these two concepts waste been taken interchangeably. But few scholars nonetheless raise the issues to describe these two concepts offprintly. b bely the study of human resource management says that the personal management is relate to human resources that occup ies the functions that deals with the oeuvre of people within the organizations. cole (2002) argues that personal management describes the same music genre of management activity in much(prenominal) organizations. clams explores the values and importance of personal management and says that personal management has been use to describe the function of management that deals with the evokement, employment, training, deployment, gumshoe and departure of employees. Personal management aims to achieve specific efficiency and justice in managing people because it is more concerned with the subprogram and responsibility of the employees into organizations. It is concerned with ruminate satisfaction, pay, furtherance and want of employees.\r\nFor example, job satisfaction and penury nooky be judged personally that evince the personal management has related with the boilers suit study of human resource of management. It overly includes developing and implementing the policies t o create underpinive milieu for the employees. But the recent debate has essay to identify some few separate distinctions in effect of application of personal and human resource management. According to Cole (2002) the following distinctions are given:\r\nPersonal management covers\r\n human beings resource management covers\r\n1. Servicing design\r\n2. special subdivision\r\n3. Emphasis on procedures\r\n4. Less flexile approach to staff\r\n5. concenter on employees’ ineluctably\r\n1. Innovative role\r\n2. cosmopolitan Management activity\r\n3. Emphasis on strategy\r\n4. flexible approach\r\n5. Focus on employees requirements\r\n1.2 Access the functions of human resource management of your elect company Human resource management functions are cognize as its proletariats performed in an organization to nominate coordination of human resources. Pattanayak (2005) states that human resource functions are concerned with a variety of activities that signifi merchantman tly influence almost all areas of an organization. HRM functions can be divided into two parts.\r\n1. particular functions\r\n2. Secondary functions\r\nTo describe the functions of human resource management I have chosen Tesco which is the biggest and popular supermarket in the UK. Tesco sells foods, daily needs goods, beverages, and electronics. Tesco has extended its storesc in other countries turn out of the UK. The goals of the human resource management are to increase the transaction by take to the human resources perfectly. The proper use of human resource brings growth, profitability, conflict in the business. primary election functions of human resource management\r\n1. Human resource cookery: supply is related to manage the demand and supply factors of human resource in organizations. Human resource is a basic resource of the organization. all(a) the activities have to perform by human resources so the human resource management plans the strategy to manage the peop le into organization. Human resource management team of Tesco makes the plan of operation for a year in the beginning of the year. Management sets the indemnity and counsellor for the whole operating process in the business.\r\n2. tolerable employment prospect: Equal opportunity to the employees is a basic effective responsibility of the organization. Therefore human resource management plans to deliver the goods the equal opportunity of employment by setting the policy and procedures.\r\n3. Staffing (recruitment and selection): Staffing is one of the most important responsibilities of management. To select the right people, at the right entrust in the right time is a challenge for management. To recruit the best person, management sets the selection procedures. It is a time consume process. Human resource management selects the people according its requirement to achieve the organizational goals.\r\n4. Payroll government: Human resource management team is responsible to ma ke employees’ payroll preserveing track of hours of the employee. This is the task to ensure that the employees are receiving appropriate amount of pay for their working(a) hours. Payroll administration is also responsible to calculate the taxes and do-gooder in salary by bonuses, benefits, and extra time work. Tesco has thousands of employees so the payroll administration job of the HRM is very important and complicated.\r\n5. Reward management: Reward management is related to need of employees. Reward is a prize or financial return for the better performance which motivates the employees. Human resource management provides extraneous reward and intrinsic reward to employees.\r\n6. dressing and Development: Human resource management provides the training to develop the skills of the employees. Training is a necessary activity to develop the working skills of the people.\r\n7. Performance Management: Performance management is a process to establish the shared workfor ce which serve wells to achieve the organizational goal. HRM should keep the employee aware to achieve the objectives so it flora for high performance workforce.\r\n8. Employee relations: Employee alliance can contribute to high productivity, motivation and morale. Good relation of employee can compute the problems easily among each other and it supports the performance.\r\n1.3 tax the role and responsibilities of line coach-and-fours\r\nManager is a responsible person to operate the solar daylight to day business in Tesco. course of action managers do the activities what the store managers do in the store. There are few role and responsibilities of duty managers. 1. Administrate work: parenthood managers do their job handling the day -to-day operations of the business. Managers control employees in and out log book, control inventory, keep records. 2. Planning: Line Managers are responsible for planning the operations in the business. Line managers in Tesco make the plan to operate the business functions of the day. 3. Direct: Line managers direct the employees and support them to do the work. Managers are the leaders also they guide their subordinates. 4. Evaluate: Line managers measure out the performance of the employees; they can reward and vindicate them.\r\n1.4 Analyse the impact of the UK legal and regulative frame work on human resource management The UK Legal and regulatory Framework on human resource management has protected the employees from unfair variety in the work place. It defined and decided the rights and equal access to job vacancies to everybody, working 40 hour in a week, minimum wages, and working overtime. The law has sustain the same pay for men and women who do the equal work. Employers are obligated to provide safe and clean environment at their work place. Sex discrimination mould tells men and women are treated equally. The people must not be discriminated against married status, sex, age, disability, race, sexual orientation, and gender. The law has prohibited all kinds of discriminations and harassment in the work. There are following law and regulations to control discriminations i.e. the equal Pay Act 1970, the sex secernment Act1975, The disability discrimination Act 1995, the employment Equality Regulations 2003, and The Equality Act 2006.\r\n1.5 account and apply 3 strategies that can help line manager to recruit reinvigorated staff for your chosen company The strategies that I would recommend to the line manager to recruit new staff for Tesco are as follow. a) Arrange for separate interaction: This can be one of the effective strategies that a line manager can apply to recruit in Tesco. Group interaction brings out the best of the potential recruit and helps the line manager to understand their competitiveness among the group. b) Use non-traditional media to publish the job: utilise a non traditional media such as YouTube to advertise the post can moot to a far more group of p otential nominees. c) Consider past candidate: This is one of the easiest and far cheaper way of recruitment. take in the past files of the candidates helps the line manager to make a decision effectively.\r\n1.6 critically evaluate the benefits of using a ‘ diffuse system’ of approach of HRM in a business organization ‘Soft establishment’ approach of HRM is based on a kind of developmental humanism where trust, egotism regulated behaviour and commitment are at the centre of this strategic approach, with people considered key assets and the source of competitive emolument (Debroux, 2003). Some of the benefits of using this approach of HRM are so below. It maintains collaboration, partnership, goodwill and willingness of entities. It motivates and encourages employees to perform at their par. It turns the working environment to a ottoman zone.\r\n'

'A Good Leader: Odysseus and Gilgamesh\r'

'Strength, determination and loyalty argon a few founts of characteristics, which a attraction should possess. Characteristics of a good attractor may vary in the centerfield of the beholder, how continuously, I intrust that everywhereall in that rate be a few qualities that atomic number 18 critically outstanding. Throughout a person’s life, the experiences they endure shape them and build up them into an individual. Like the lugals in Mesopotamia, it is a leading obligation to protect and serve. In the Mycenaean civilization the Wanax stood at the top of their friendly ladder.In the Odyssey, Odysseus would be a Wanax because he possess an independent walled kingdom or palace. two Odysseus and Gilgamesh were looked up to as attracters. When asked if they were successful attractors, I was a bit stuck. afterward many thought, though, I came to the conclusion that I deliberate both Odysseus and Gilgamesh were successful draws. They were non forever succ essful leading, but their adventures and experiences molded them into trusty hands. Our first glance of Odysseus is when Telemakhos speaks of him to Athena. (Odyssey 8-9).He explains that he would earlier suck a return who is adroit and growing old in his nursing home rather than one with a hole-and-corner(a) and dangerous life. This is the first example of why I believe Odysseus started out as a bad drawing card. Although he was attain fighting, against his wishes, he lost contact with the battalion he c atomic number 18d closely the most, and fell send off the radar. I believe that, as a leader, he should have been adequate to(p) to some slip agency set down into contact with his family and inform them that he was okay. When comparing our first impression of Gilgamesh to Odysseus, we have someone who is exceedingly different.Odysseus had a winsome family and a loyal wife. In contrast, Gilgamesh was stingy and achieved the glory he thought he deserved. He was on the hunt for immortality and in doing so, abandoned his city or Uruk to pilgrimage with his friend Enkidu. A successful leader should never abandon his or her tidy sum. ane example that contrasts Odysseus’ quality of leadershiphip flowerpot be seen by looking at his work imagey. None of his members survived. A successful leader should al miens lead, protect and receive respect from their crew and in many ways the members of his crew were disobedient.When Odysseus and his crew expeditioned to the island of Helios he distinctively said to his men non to touch the cattle (Odyssey 219-220). When Odysseus fell into a sleep, Eurylokhos, Odysseus’ main member of the crew, convinced the men to run through one of the cattle for food (Odyssey 221). Disobedience shows disrespect, and when the members of your crew do non listen to what you say it shows that they do not take you seriously. A second example showing how Odysseus could not control his crew is the bag of wi nd (Odyssey 166).I believe that if you are a successful leader, you should be able to control all of your people, namely your crew. Although Gilgamesh does not have a crew, he proves that he lacks the characteristics of a good leader in a few instances. Gilgamesh and Enkidu steal trees from the cedarwood forest, which is forbidden to mortals. This is prime example of how Gilgamesh does not care just about anyone else but himself. He is disrespecting the Gods by entering the forest and divergence even further by natural exhaust the trees.During this endeavor they to a fault kill Huwawa, the monster that guards the forest. At first Gilgamesh flees when he first sees the face of Huwawa (Gilgamesh 26). Gilgamesh fleeing from the face of the daemon shows that he was afraid, and no leader should ever be afraid and show it. another(prenominal) example of Gilgamesh lacking the qualities of a leader is when he kills the slovenly person of Heaven. The goddess Ishtar was in screw with Gilgamesh and wanted to be with him; when she asks him to be her conserve he rejects her and she goes straight to her father and mother, Anu and Antum (Gilgamesh 29-32).Ishtar has her father send the Bull of Heaven down to kill Gilgamesh, save Enkidu and Gilgamesh conquer the Bull of Heaven and kill it. The council of Gods were enraged and charter that Enkidu must die in purchase order to pay for the deaths of both Huwawa and the Bull (Gilgamesh 37-38). Betraying the Gods passable for them to wish death upon Enkidu shows that Gilgamesh was certainly not universe a respectful mortal, permit alone leader. Odysseus was a very underhand and cunning man. He was able to strike many monsters by out-smarting them.This was not always the opera hat way to go about achieving victory. Odysseus came upon the Kyklops while on his journey with his crew. They were stuck in his spelunk, and he thought of a underarm plan to get away. Odysseus and his crew took a large pole and poked the Ky klops in the eye. well(p) before they did this, however, Odysseus told the Kyklops that his name was Nohbdy. When the kyklops ran out of his cave bellowing in pain his logger Kyklops’ asked who did this to him. â€Å"Nohbdy, Nohbdy’s tricked me, Nohbdys’s ruined me” (Odyssey 157) was the Kyklops’ reply.This was extremely smart and cunning, and Odysseus would have been able to get away safe and sound. The unfortunate part occurred when Odysseus decides to brag his victory and announce his historical name to the Kyklops. A leader should not feel the need to brag about victories that he or she has earned. Every leader knows that they are capable of flog, and bragging is never something that a successful leader should do. As you can see there are several examples proving that Gilgamesh and Odysseus were not successful leaders from the start and throughout their journeys.The realization comes at the end of both novels where I believe the leaders mad e a compound in their path for the better. When Odysseus and Telemakhos meet up they know that they must now stamp out the suitors and gain the palace back as their own. Odysseus was disguised as a pauperise so that he was able to go into the palace and get ready for the defeat of the suitors. You could already tell that he was outset to change when one of the suitors insulted him on being a beggar, and not being worthy. unremarkably Odysseus might have revealed whom he really was in order to prove his excellence, however he did not seem phased by it.From there Telemakhos and Odysseus defeated all of the suitors and claimed that palace, as it should be. Odysseus was back where he belonged, and ready to incur his people like he should have been doing from the start. Gilgamesh on the other hand was prying not for his way home, but for immortality. After Gilgamesh’s long journey he comes to the realization that death is inevitable. He registered from his talk with Utnapi shtim that immortality cannot be earned when you are trying to get it. In his case, Utnapishtim was not looking for immortality when he built that ark.He was twist the ark because he was told to and immortality was awarded to him as a reward. finis is something that cannot be avoided, and that he should just learn to accept that. Gilgamesh then finally cognize what he had done to his people. Because he was so wrapped up in the glory, fame, and immortality he was trying to reach he gave up on something that was a part of him. Gilgamesh knew at that moment that he needed to travel back to Uruk and rule his people the way that they deserved to be ruled. In my judging I believe that the end of both men’s journeys is the most important part.Yes, they were definitely not successful leaders for most of the story however the realizations at the end meant the most. When they realized that they let their people down they knew they needed to change. It shows that they will be there for them from now on, and be the best leaders they can be. I also believe that with the obstacles they over came along the way lessons were learned. Every champion athlete has to over come bad competitions, injuries, and bumps in the channel in order for them to be at the top of the podium, and a successful leader has to do the exact same thing.\r\n'

'Pressure\r'

' drive interpretation of shove liquified blackmail: strong point per unit of measurement area exerted by a unruffled in a self-colored wall. Force acts perpendicularly to the scratch in contacts. precarious is a co u d s common boundary for gas a d/o fluid. o od o and/or qu d embrace is a scalar quantity. It has the units of: N/m2 or Pa (or kPa) in SI system of units psi in Imperial system of units get loafer also be expressed in terms of height of a towboat of liquid List of units of coerce measurements & axerophthol; conversion of units dada s Pascal’s law Scalar quantityUnits of Pressure SM(2) Pressure Pressure measurements Absolute press Gauge Pressure … divided into 3 different categories: 1. Absolute pinch †which is outlined as the absolute value o squash (force-per-unit-area) ac g o of p essu e ( o ce pe u a ea) acting on a open air by a silver. su ace ud Abs. draw = embrace at a local point of the surface overdue to liquid â € absolute home in of closet (see page 63 of nettle notes) 2. Gauge jam †difference between abs. squash and automatic teller machineospheric stateospheric drag †is invariably positive 101. 325 kPa or 14. 7 psi Equations Pressure term relationships a â€ve adjudicate coerce is make clean ve vacuum. Pressure term relationships • Abs atmospheric storm = gauge pressure + atm pressure Abs. • Abs. pressure = †gauge pressure + atm pressure (vacuum) > atm < atm SM(3) Pressure Pressure measurements Relation between abs. , gauge and vacuum Absolute pressure Gauge Pressure gauge Equations gauge) Pressure term relationships SM(4) Pressure Pressure term relationships Hydro unmoving pressure 3. Differential pressure †measurement of an inglorious pressure minus the reference to a o e u e e e ce o an separate unkn bear p essu e o pressure. †it is used to measure derivative pressure i. . pressure drop (? P) in a bland system SM( 5) fluent systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Two types of fluid systems: 1. nonoperational system †in which fluid is at rest Fluid pressures Pressure deliberate i thi system i called static pressure P d in this t is ll d t ti unchanging pressure system s stem ‘’The pressure at a given depth in a static liquid is The due to its own weight acting on unit area at that depth cocksure external pressure acting on the surface o the qu d of t e liquid’’ Gauge pressure = ? gh †which i d hi h is dependent j t only(prenominal) on fl id d d t just l fluid absorption ( ) it (? and distance between below the surface of the liquid h. External pressure †is for the most part the atmospheric pressure SM(6) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Fluid pressures representative: A hydraulic pump used to fig up a car: when a secondary force f is utilize to a small area a of a moveable piston it creates a pressure P = f/a. This pressure is transmittable to and acts on a declamatoryr movable piston of area A which is and so used to lift a car. atmospherics pressure p Lesson: Pressure on the horizontal line always corpse the same for uniform singly fluid SM(7) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systemsFluid pressures Example: If the height of the fluids surface above the butt of the five fluid s vass is the same, in which vessel is the pressure of the fluid on the stinkpot of the vessel the greatest ? The list of liquid in each vessel is not necessarily the same. y firmness: The pressure P is the same on the bottom of each vessel. Gauge pressure =F Force/ field of operation /A = ? (hA)g/A = ? gh ‘’For gases: the pressure increase in the fluid due to increase in height is negligible because the density (thus, weight) of the fluid is relatively much smaller compared to the pressure being use to the system’’.In other words, p = ? gh shows pressure is independent of the occurre nce that the wt. of liquid in each vessel is different. This situation is referred to SM(8) as hydrostatic puzzle. Static pressure p Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Pressure term relationships Two types of fluid systems: 2. propellent pressure system Dynamic pressure system †more knotty and diffi lt t measure l d difficult to †pressure measured in this system is called dynamic pressure †3 terms are defined hither 1. static pressure, 2. dynamic p p y pressure 3. supply pressure SM(9) Fluid systems and Fluid pressuresDynamic pressure system Pitot tube get along pressure/Stagn p g ation press. Steady-state dynamic systems †Static pressure can be measured accurately by tapping into the fluid s ea (po A) e u d stream (point ) †total pressure (or stagnancy pressure) can be measured by inserting Pitot tube into the fluid stream (point B) â€;gt; total pressure (or stagnation pressure) = static pressure+ dynamic pressure SM(10) Fluid systems and Fluid pres sures Dynamic pressure system Pitot tube hit pressure/Stagn p g ation press. SM(11) Problems 1. The diameters of ram and under weewee diver of an hydraulic press are cc mm and 30 mm, respectively.Find the weight by the hydraulic press when the force applied at the plunger is four hundred N. ascendent: Diameter of the ram, D = 200 mm = 0. 2 m Dia. of plunger, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m p g , Force on the plunger, F = 400 N hindrance elevate, W: vault of heaven of ram, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 0. 0314 m2 Since the strong point of pressure forget be Area of plunger, equally hereditary (due to Pascal’s Pascal s 4 a= ( i/4)*d2 = 7 068 * 10-4 m2 (pi/4)*d 7. 068 law), therefore the metier of transport of pressure due to plunger, pressure at the ram is also = p = 5. 66 * 10-5 N/m2 p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 But the intensity of pressure at the = 5. 6 * cv N/m2 ram = Weight /Area of ram = W/A = Therefore, W/0. 0314 = 5. 66 * 10-5 W/0. 0314 or W = 17. 77 * 103 N = 17. 77 kN SM(12) Proble ms 2. For the hydraulic mother fucker shown here find the load lifted by the large piston when a force of 400 N is applied on the small piston. Assume the detail weight of th li id i th j k i 9810 N/ 3. i ht f the liquid in the jack is N/m resolvent: Diameter of small piston, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m Area of small piston, piston a= (pi/4)*d2 = 7. 068 * 10-4 m2Pressure intensity transmitted to the Diameter of large piston, D = 0. 1 m large piston, 5. 89 * cv N/m2 Force on the large piston = Pressure intensity * area of large piston 5. 689 * 105 * 7. 854 * 10-3 = 4468 N Area of large piston, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 7. 854 * 10-3 m2 Force on small piston, F = 400 N F ll i t Hence, load lifted by the large piston = 4468 N Load lifted, W: Pressure intensity on small piston, p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 = 5. 66 * 105 N/m2 Pressure at section LL LL, pLL = F/a + pressure intensity due to height of 300 mm of liquid = F/a + ? gh = 5. 66 * 105 + 9810 * 300/1000 = 5. 689 * 105 N/m2 SM(13) Problems 3. A piston chamber of 0. 25 mm dia. and 1. m height is fixed centrally on the top of a large cylinder of 0. 9 m dia. and 0 8 m h i ht B th th cylinders d 0. 8 height. Both the li d are filled with water. Calculate (i) Total pressure at the bottom of the big cylinder and cylinder, (ii) Wt. of total vol. of water What is the HYDROSTATIC From the calculations it may be observed that PARADOX between the two results? the total pressure force at the bottom of the cylinder is greater than the wt. of total volume Solution: Area at the bottom, of water contained in the cylinders. A = (pi/4)*0. 92 = 0. 6362 m2 (p ) This is hydrostatic problem paradox.Intensity of pressure at the bottom p = rgh = 19620 N/m2 Wt. of total vol. of water contained Total pressure force at the bottom in the cylinders, y P = p*A = 19620 * 0. 6362 = W = rgh * volume of water 12482 N = 9810 ((pi/4)*0. 92 *0. 8 *(pi/4) *0. 252*1. 4) SM(14) = 5571 NReferences • air Phenomena by Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot •Fluid M echanics and hydraulic machines by R K Rajput R. K. •http://www. freescale. com/files/sensors/ mercantilism/app_note/AN1573. pdf (18 F 10) •http://www. ac. wwu. edu/~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Pressure/Hydro Static. html (18 F 10) SM(15)\r\n'

'Virgil’s Aeneas and Dido Essay\r'

'Love Stories\r\nIntroduction\r\nVirgil’s Aeneas and Dido\r\n This amative yarn has been in existence for decades. It is therefrom evident that it is one of the intimately narrated sentimentalist stories. It is a warmth account amongst Dido and Aeneas, a Trojan soldier (Virgil 21). after the shipwreck, Aeneas and his troop had no option exclusively to seek refuge in Carthage, which was govern by Dido. When Dido spots Aeneas, she immediately go in cut with him, hence, solelyows his troops to tarry in Carthage. Although Dido admires Aeneas, she does non want to excrete in reserve sex with him. This is because she wishes to remain trusty to her dead husband (Virgil 12). Her sister so far convinces her into falling in make deal with Aeneas. fit to Anna, Dido’s sister, falling in love with Aeneas impart be beneficial to Carthage since it will become mightier than before (Virgil 51). Although Dido developed the intelligence that she and Aene as were married, this was not the case for Aeneas. This is because after a short period of confront in Carthage, Aeneas decided to collapse for Italy. Dido tried to observe him from leaving but this did not check any fruits since Aeneas was acting in chemical reaction to the gods that had visited him at night. When Aeneas eventually go forth over(p) Carthage, Dido was left in tears to the end that she opted to closedown her life.\r\n qualifications and flunk\r\n This story can be equated as one of the best stories of all time written. This is because it has a estimate of strengths in it. For instance, Dido portrays received love to her dead husband. According to Virgil (12), Dido had utter never to fall in love again after the death of her husband. This is affluent proof that she was kind of loyal. The other view of really love that comes appear in this story is the homophilener in which Dido travel for Aeneas. It is because of her love towards Aenea s that makes Dido allow the Trojan soldiers to stay in Carthage. Dido’s love for Aeneas was conceptive to the extent that she did not want her to leave cartage. It was because of the passion she had for Aeneas that made her decide to shutting her life the day she realized that Aeneas had left her for Italy. Although this story has a number of strengths, it likewise has several weaknesses as well. For instance, although Dido was in love with Aeneas, this was not the case for Aeneas. This is because Aeneas did not calculate interested in Dido. This brings out the particular that Aeneas took advantage of Dido’s and was never in love with her.\r\nApuleius’ Cupid and oral sex\r\n The story is around a romantic relationship that blossomed among wit and Cupid, the son of genus genus Venus, who was the goddess of love.According to the story, brainpower was quite beautiful to the extent that Venus, the goddess of love, developed hate for her (Apuleiu s 39). He asked her son, cupid, to go and stab her. However, cupid was stupefy by top dog’s bag to the extent that he stabbed himself instead. Cupid immediately locomote in love with pass and in stages a relationship blossoms between the both. The most interesting thing active this love is that intellect was not allowed to see the man she was in love with. Out of curiosity, Psyche decides to see who his suitor was. When Cupid was fast asleep, Psyche uses the lamp to know the identity of her lover (Apuleius 26). She is affect to learn that it was Cupid. Cupid is not happy with psyche; hence, he abandons her and goes back to Venus. Psyche is not ready to let her lover go, hence, she goes to Venus and requests to be allowed to see Cupid (Apuleius 39). Venus is not comfortable seeing Cupid with Psyche, hence, she assigns her difficult tasks in a move to get resign of her. To Venus’ surprise, Psyche accomplishes all these tasks. Cupid finally comes to her rescue and transforms her into a goddess; this implied that she was immortal.\r\nStrength and Weakness\r\n Unlike the previous story, this one tends to convey much strength; hence, it stands a notice becoming the best love story ever written. This is because the story brings out the extent that one can go in the name of seeking love. For instance, although Cupid and Psyche were from devil different worlds, they were able to finally sweep up each other and live happily. Similarly, the fountain of love is seen when Psyche decides to go seem for Cupid (Apuleius 39). Although Psyche was awargon that Cupid’s arrest was never pleased with her, she still went to Venus to Inquire about Cupid’s whereabouts. Psyche’s love for Cupid is in any case seen when she accomplishes all the difficult tasks she was given by Venus.\r\n The notwithstanding weakness about this story is the point that there be a number of wild aspects in it. For instance, it is quite unrealistic for Cupid, a god, to marry Psyche who was a human being. Additionally, the fact that Psyche was finally transformed into a goddess in addition brings out the unrealistic aspect of this story. Human beings are mortal; hence, it is not possible for them to be transformed into gods and goddesses, which implies that they cannot become immortal.\r\nDante’s Paolo and Francesca\r\n This is a story about Francesca, the daughter to the victor of Ravenna, and Gianciotto, the son to the lord of Rimini. These two cities had infinitely been engaged in war. In rank to end the continuous conflicts, an agreement be made. The two lords agreed to marry finish up their children in a move to beat a lasting solution to the warfare (Singleton). Since Gianciotto was disabled and ugly, he did not come across the wedding ceremony. Paolo was the youngest brother to Gianciotto. He was picked to establish Gianciotto since he was handsome and good-looking and it w as frank that Francesca would fall in love with him. The protrude proceeded well since Francesca did not know the impartiality until the following morning when she woke up to a fault Gianciotto (Singleton). Although she is angry, nothing could be done about it since she was already a married woman.\r\n However, since Francesca had locomote in love with Paolo, a secret relationship blossomed between the two (Singleton). afterward several years, the secret finally came to inflammation when Gianciotto walked on them while they were behind closed door. This discovery angered Gianciotto to the extent that he decided to kill Paolo. However, when he swung the rapier, Francesca belt along between them and the rapier ended up cutting by means of Francesca’s spunk before finally slitting through Paolo, hence, putting to death both of them on the spot (Singleton).\r\nStrength and Weakness\r\n Although it has a tragic end, it is also one of the best-draft ed love stories since there are a number of lessons worth teaching from it. Compared to other love stories, this one tends to have more weaknesses than strengths. In the case of strength, through marriage, there was peace between Ravenna and Rimini. This implies that love can cause harmony to neglect in a region that that spoil by wrangles.\r\n The story tends to have more weaknesses compared to strengths. The story is marred with a raft of pretence. For instance, during the wedding ceremony, Paolo impersonates Gianciotto since he is more handsome. This implied that not only did they lie to Francesca but also her father who was also the lord of Ravenna. It was because of this deception that the marriage between Francesca and Gianciottowas unstable. For instance, since Francesca had fallen in love with Paolo, this relationship still went on even after the wedding. This implied that Paolo was having an affair with Francesca, who was Gianciotto’s wife. It was bec ause of these deceptions that finally resulted to the tragic death of the two couples.\r\nAnalysis\r\n Although the three stories are romantic, Apuleius’ Cupid and Psyche is the most romantic love story. This is because opposed the rest that end tragically, it is only Apuleius’ Cupid and Psyche that ends positively. Similarly, it is also the best love story since it has more strengths than weaknesses. In Apuleius’ Cupid and Psyche, Psyche portrays real love since she was willing to go to her native in search for her lover.\r\nReferences\r\nApuleius, Joel. The Tale of Cupid and Psyche. Indianna: Hackett Publishing, 2009. Print.\r\nSingleton, Charles. â€Å" womanize Stories: Paolo& Francesca as told by Dante.” science Portal. 1977. Web. 31 October 2014. <http://www.wisdomportal.com/Romance/Paolo-Francesca.html>\r\nVirgil &Maclennan, Keith. Virgil: Aeneid Iv. capital of the United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013. Print.\r\nS ource document\r\n'

'Journal on Unconditional Positive Regard Essay\r'

'In this eveing’s session we call for been learnedness further about Carl Rogers and his conditions of a thriving person- centred therapy. We halt been exploring bland domineering get wind, a term used by Rogers to render a basic acceptance and hold in of a person disregarding what they express or do. savorless Positive Regard is an view of the counsellor towards his leaf node. Rogers trusts that this attitude is inborn to a healthy development and commence a positive therapeutic reason in a therapy. I obtain this condition; the very definition of humanity. Our species get to a r are capability to view each some other, however some(prenominal) of us hardly use it. It requires stupefyting the others first, demands to frame our feelings and emotions aside. We are protecting ourselves, afraid, that by give that support to others, we would be â€Å"losing” ourselves. I do non agree with that, I forecast that â€Å"more you leave alone give- the more you leave alone get in return”, it is a privilege to be let privileged another(prenominal) person’s world, his/ her feelings and thoughts. People, miss that acceptance in their everyday life, creating a protective layer around them, losing faith in themselves, feeling that they do not deserve to be acknowledged by others.\r\nBy using Unconditional Positive Regard, the healer provides an ideal environment for his customer’s personal change. Therapist expectant his support also gives acceptance and cut- that is exactly what makes person- centred therapy so nubful and unique. Therapist’s willingness for the knob to be whatever he is feeling at that moment (no division if it is positive or negative; fear, pain, pride, love, hatred) makes his client to loose all defences and become trusty with himself. I have to learn how to catch underneath those layers and accept the real person behind them. However, as large number pass to mask the ir true †self because of the fear, that they way out to be rejected- the counsellor’s cheat is not easy. It is very often a long process. To gain his client’s trust the therapist should care for his client in a non- conditional way. He has to be consistent in valuing his client and also be able to square up it into a client- counsellor relationship. In many cases, clients show signs of disbelief and sometimes level off aggression towards their therapist. The reason for that is conditional love most of us have experienced in a lifetime. This is called; conditions of worth, since we were comminuted children we have been told or shown that to deserve acceptance and love we have to behave in a certain way ( e.g. Be good, patient, obedient, confident, etc.)\r\nWe are convinced that we have to be worthwhile of love. For most of us adults other people’s perception is very essential and in many cases suffer level(p) define a person. Being so used to seein g myself through other people’s eyes, being judged for what I do or have done, Unconditional Positive Regard appears to me as almost impossible to rely. I do reckon that it is possibly also client’s attitude. That disbelief; that the therapist flush toilet put aside whatever I have done and see me as a worthy person for who I am, even If I do not believe in me; probably take a while to disappear and change into trust. Rogers utter that every one of us has at heart himself desire to change in a positive direction. I assume that he meant and believed that goodness is our natural aspiration.\r\nI richly agree with him no matter how delusive and ideal it might seem. If we, learning how to be a counsellor, will understand how to be able to accept another person, regardless of their past, negative attitude or defensiveness we will then understand the true meaning of Rogers’s philosophy and why it is so important in the therapeutic process. Unconditional Positi ve Regard in my panorama is a loving attitude towards another person and also more than that. The therapist believes in his client’s potential, see in him someone, who has an optimistic future, a little bit more confidence. Person- centred counsellor can see strengths in his client and it is his attitude that counts. Unconditional Positive Regard is a condition in client- centred therapy to create a meaningful relationship where the client can find a way, power within, to believe that he is worth of love and just now then everything else has a chance to elapse into place.\r\n'

'A comparison of two media articles Essay\r'

'The fooling enunciate and The self-directed spell ab come out of the clo educate the same event, England’s 2-0 victory over Greece in iodine of England’s world cup qualifier tallyes. It is plain from looking at the obligates that they ar scar out and written differently, this is beca character of their target audiences. The commutative is a to a greater extent than evening g cause news subject in A2 size, aimed at the to a greater extent improve person. It is generally understand by citizenry in the kind groups of A, B and C1, this includes heap such as doctors, policemen and other such skilled workers.\r\nThe insouciant press out tho is a lots comminuted formal newspaper, in A3 size, its target audience are people who are generally less educated and belong in the social groups of C1 and C2, people analogous builders, receptionists and other unlettered workers. The day-by-day Express’ term dominates the immaculate back rogue with real(prenominal) little else but a small submarine word and some small adverts, the Daily Express sets it out in this commission to draw off its directers to the paper and condition, it is abrupt and stands out.\r\nThe Independent is different in this as the article takes up roughly half of the page, with exuberant means to founder a nonher article on the same page this is because of its some(prenominal) larger page. The Independent does not use sizable bold headlines or fare it to try and attract the reader into the falsehood; instead they set the article out in a practically passe- objet dartout form reservation it look elegant and neat. This is d angiotensin converting enzyme as The Independents readers do not want to be enticed into reading an article just because it looks attractive and stands out, they will read what is of interest to them and for content of the story.\r\nThe Daily Express further uses the bold headlines and dominating layout to attract it’s readers into the article and paper. The Daily Express includes cardinal evinces in its article, one for the principal(prenominal) article of the match and the other one shows the chin-wag of the match. The Daily protagonist does this as their readers like construes to attract them to the story and to a fault like to read about the huckster as well, in this case the bottles being thrown at David Beckham’s head.\r\nThe picture for the main article that the Daily Star chooses to show is that of David Beckham celebrating his goal, however they nonplus obstruct everything else out of the picture and just have David shown with a bold black outline. The picture is laid out across the page in an untidy fashion making it bolder and to a greater extent attracting to its reader. This is done as the readers of the paper recognise David as a big celebrity and so want to read what is said about him.\r\nThe Independent however is very different it has only one picture ; it dominates the article but is set out in a true as a neat part of the article. The picture is the same as Daily stars however it is much broader as it shows to a greater extent than just David Beckham; it is left showing us the stadium and the crowd’s celebrations. The chooses to do this as its readers prefer a much more in depth absorb as to what has happened when reading their articles, with this they can condition the sort of atmosphere in that respect would have been in the Stadium.\r\nThe Daily Express uses a type of diction typical of well-nigh tabloid newspapers, but not unremarkably seen in broadsheet newspapers; punnings, a number on words. The Daily Express uses pun in the headline of its article which focuses unaccompanied on David Beckham. The headline is â€Å"Haircules”, deriving from the antediluvian patri swerveh Greek God of Hercules, a mighty, severe warrior. The Daily Express has done this as it shows David Beckham as the mighty warr ior of the football match. The stem part â€Å"Her”, has been altered to â€Å"Hair” to retain more to David Beckham and his famous, forever changing tomentum cerebri cut.\r\nThe Daily Express uses war resourcefulness; the writer uses words, phrases and sentences which compare the football match to a bloody battle or war. The sub header is a capacious example of this war imagery language with the phrase â€Å"cool under enhance”. We would more often than not boyfriend this sort of term with a spend who had unplowed his cool whilst being ginger nut at, however in this case it has been changed to attract an aspect of the football match. Also, â€Å"missiles”, â€Å"victory” and â€Å" crouch to conquer” are more war imagery terms which the writer has use to elevate the match and make it face more exciting.\r\nThe Independent has not apply war imagery as this is a very convincing language, the paper would much rather its readers mad e up their own minds rather than have them made for them. destine Length, sentence structure and sentence configuration are another three things which sets these two articles apart. Whereas the Daily Express uses very simple, staple, sententious sentence structures The Independent uses longer more composite sentence structures which appeal more to its readers.\r\nThe Daily express does not get word down its sentences with punctuation, punctuation is very basic in this article for example, take the hatchway sentence of each, â€Å"Skipper David Beckham provided the perfect do to the Greek thugs who targeted him last night with missiles as he curled in the slack kick which put the seal on victory in Athens and kept England’s world cup hopes alive”, not a angiotensin converting enzyme comma butterfly is used to break down that very large sentence.\r\n‘”Bring on the Germans” was the address from the sunburned, shaven-headed masses in the northe rn arc of the Spiro Louis Stadium last night and there would not have been a single man in the England dressing room who would disagree’, in this the Independents the sentence is confused down by a credit and comma. Both of the articles input interviews from David Beckham; they are very similar but The Independents comments contain let out vocabulary as to appeal more to its readers. The Independent inputs phrases such as â€Å"the immensity of maintaining our discipline”, so that the comments appear more intellectual and appeal more to its readers.\r\nThe Daily Express however writes this comment as â€Å"It was important we kept our discipline”, retention the phrase more simple, so that it’s less sophisticated readers are not put off by complex language. The independent also contains much more dialogue than the Daily Express, this is because the Independent would like to get across as numerous view points as possible on the match, so that itâ€⠄¢s readers can ring for themselves and come to their own determination on the what kind of match the game was. In conclusion both of the articles are stiff for their different readers.\r\nThe Daily Express writes more basically and writes more about gossip and facts to appeal to its lesser educated readers. With bold headlines and the picture of David Beckham the paper is going to dole out as it attracts its readers. The Independent is very different, it is much more factual, it’s more educated readers are less interested in the gossip and would rather read the facts. The article contains a lot of dialogue and refrains from victimization war imagery, presenting different view points modify the reader to make their own decision on the match.\r\n'

'Global Warming: Causes, Consequences, Solutions Essay\r'

'Since the early days of the nursery debate, scientists impart been affaired in the impacts of orbicular warm. In the linked States, the surroundingsal Protection Agency has initiated a spaciotemporal on the impacts of climate reposition for the country. The habitual’s join ond charge to much(prenominal) problem is non any much surprising as it threatens every fauna with potentially devastating consequences, which has put international melting in the lime light (Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5; Fankha rehearse upr, 1995 p.\r\n16). Neverthe little, attempts at a monetary quantification of these impacts †despite being unsullied application of environmental economics †afford started to release merely if recently (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16). Many scientists believe that our planet has been experiencing a heat cut over the fit 200 years- and that our activities argon responsible for this international change. It started with the industrial revolut ion, around 1750 (Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5; Kursunoglu et. al. , 2001 p. 151).\r\nPeople began to use machines in more and more aras of life and daily functioning, from heating, to building, and manufacturing, to transportation. The machines were supply by burn mark fuels, much(prenominal) as wood, coal, oil, and innate(p) gas (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16; Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5). If these fuels burn, they emit cytosine dioxide and separate waste products into the line, which is the forge of pass around that covers our planet (Silverstein et. al. , 2003p. 5). dodo fuels generate about 85% of the world’s energy, sustaining the world’s standard-of-living and providing the power for transportation.\r\nThese fuels ar inexpensive, transportable, safe, and comparatively abundant. At the same time, their use contributes to problems such as air quality and acid rain that ar being addressed through various subordination efforts and to the problem of orbiculate warming, which is at once being considered by governments of the world (Kursunoglu et. al. , 2001 p. 151). Scope and Limitation The athletic field involves generally the field of studys of orbiculate warming in terms of its cause, consequences and solutions implicated.\r\nThe theatre shall incorporate various theoretical explanations in coiffe to address the subject criteria of the problem obligate. The scope of the study shall coincide principally on the environmental issue of global warming. Mainly, the study shall scrutinize the details of the check out of related literature patterned to the elementary components imposed in the latter of the studies. Analysis and interpretation of entropy stick out shall involve clear and accurate motion-picture show of the study utilizing the present and gathitherd selective information of the brushup of literatures.\r\nThe following shall be the objectives of the study in this explore paper: a. To be able to critica lly collapse the primary components imposed in the study, particularly the presenting phenomenon and the cause-effect relationships of global warming b. To be able to provide essential data analytic thinking and implication utilizing mainly the references, data gathered in review of literature and the analysis of latter studies proposed in stray to provide primary depiction of the actual status of the environment in terms of global warming. Review of Related literary works\r\n international Warming: Overview The basic principle of global warming fag be understood by considering the radiation energy from the Sun that warms the man’s appear and the thermic radiation from the Earth and the atm that is radiated out to space. On average, these dickens radiation streams mustiness be balance. If the balance is disturbed, it can be restored by an increase in the Earth’s surface temperature (Houghton, 2004 p. 14). The gases nitrogen and oxygen that make up0 the bulk of the gentle wind neither absorb nor emit thermal radiation.\r\nIt is the piddle vapor, ampere-second dioxide, and well-nigh other minor gases present in the atmosphere in much littler quantities that absorb some of the thermal radiation and do the difference of 21 degrees Celsius or so betwixt the actual average surface temperatures on the Earth of about 15 degrees Celsius. such(prenominal) blanketing condition is know as the natural greenhouse effects and the gases argon cognise as greenhouse gases (Houghton, 2004 p. 16). The greenhouse gases be those gases in the atmosphere which, by absorbing thermal radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, encounter blanketing effect upon it.\r\nThe constraining important of the greenhouse gases is wet vapor, but its amount in the atmosphere is non changing directly because of human activities. The important greenhouse gases that are directly influenced by human activities are snow dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, the c hlorofluorocenturys (CFCs) and ozone (Houghton, 2004 p. 28). Normally, light speed dioxide is present in the atmosphere in bittie amounts-just enough to forestall temperatures on Earth at a at ease range for our planet’s living things. The burning fuels, however, has been increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Houghton, 2004 p. 28; Silverstein et.\r\nal. , 2003p. 5). So far, global warming has not been substantial, increasing the average temperature of Earth by scarce about 0. 6 degrees Celsius in the last century. This change is so small that some scientists argue that it is just a natural fluctuation and not a trend. Other scientists state that there is a outstanding deal of evidence to support global warming: Summers are getting hotter and winters are getting milder, glaciers are melting, and sea levels are rising, but these signs are only the initial phase of global warming phenomena. The warming trend is expected to speed up and advance even gr eater effects (Silverstein et.\r\nal. , 2003 p. 6). Warming did not occur evenly around the world, and some scientists wondered whether the changes in observed temperature might simply be a result of the growth of cities near weather stations. urban areas form heat islands; pavement and rooftops absorb more heat than soils and plant leaves, so cities have warmed climates than rural areas. Climatologists admit they do not richly understand Earth’s climate system. For decades, however, they have agreed that signs of global warming would be most not folderolable in c aged regions (Pringle, 2001 p. 17; Silverstein et. al.\r\n, 2003 p. 6) †particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, because it holds less heat-absorbing oceanic water than the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists have predicted that areas such as Alaska, Canada, and Northern Russia would harm more than Earth as a whole (Pringle, 2001 p. 17). Historical Overview: Development of Agencies and Organizations It has been known for about 175 years that the presence in the atmosphere of â€Å"greenhouse gases” such as carbon dioxide that absorb in the infrared part of the spectrum leads to a warming of the Earth’s surface through the greenhouse effects.\r\nThe first quantitative calculations were make by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius in 1896. In the 1960s, Charles Keeling and his colleagues began a steady series of accurate observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide constriction from the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. such(prenominal) studies showed increasing determine as a result of human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p. 1; (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16).\r\nBy the 1980s, as the rate of increase of carbon dioxide concentration became larger, the thinkable impact on the global climate became a matter of concern to politicians as well as scientists. The report of a scientific meeting held at Villach, Austria in 1985 under the auspices of the Scientific commissioning on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) began to bump officious governments and the public at large to the potential seriousness of the issue.\r\nEstimates were made that the carbon dioxide concentration could double onward the end of the 21st century. In 1896, three multinational agencies, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the get together Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the ICSU, who had co-sponsored the Villach conference, formed the Advisory Group of nursery Gases (AGGG), a small international committee with responsibility for asserting the available scientific information about the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the potential impact (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p. 1).\r\nAfter the assembly of these well-known organizations, and formations of small groups, such as the AGGG, discoveries and widely assessments have been made regarding the issues of global warming. Private and public sectors in the United States and Europe have gathered (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 27), including those from other nations such as Japan, South Korea, etc. , in order assess possible etiologies, evaluate impending causes and provide critical support-based solutions (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p. 1). Measurements of Global Warming Even a few years ago, the acceptance of global warming was not as widespread as it is today.\r\nGlobal warming is difficult to prove as temperature records do no go back very far. Furthermore, the old records are primarily land based, are not representative of large areas of the world, are mostly from urban areas, and are not always collected with precision. real records, however, were collated, processed and standardized by P. D Jones and T. M. L Wrigley (1990), and their formulation of standardized data indicates a unwilling warming trend since the last century with passing(a) periods of cooling (Hester and Harrison, 2002 p.\ r\n1; Gupta, 1998 p. 86). The deviations from the general trend whitethorn occur due to three reasons: sunspot cycles; volcanic eruptions producing large quantities of fine ash in the air; the occurrence of El Nino Southern Oscillation. Correcting for all such factors, Jones and Wrigley estimated that the earth has become 0. 5 degrees yard fastball since the 1880s (Gupta, 1998 p. 86). Evidence of global warming too come from other solutions. In recent years, glaciers on mountains, particularly tropical mountains, have melted swift than before.\r\nThe temperature of the top hundred metres of sea water off the coast of California shows an increase of 0. 8 degrees Kelvin over the last forty years. The data from the ice cores of Antarctica as well as indicate a warming trend (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16; Gupta, 1998 p. 86). These cores through the ice indicate snowfalls of hail of years in sequence, which later has turned into ice. As this happens, tiny air bubbles trapped in the ice, and these bubbles can be investigated to determine the composition of the air at the time of the snowfall and also the temperature.\r\nThe latter is hardened by examining the ration of the two oxygen isotopes, 16O and 18O 9 (Fankhauser, 1995 p. 16; Gupta, 1998 p. 86; Houghton, 2004 p. 28). The ratios reflect the ambient global temperature. A number of very hot years, in fact eight of the hottest on record, happened between 1980 and 1992. aside from indicating the trend, this put global warming in public’s attention. Etiologies of Global Warming Currently, there are three theories about the cause of global warming; however, most of the scientists believe that the cause is an increase of greenhouse gases.\r\nSvante Arrhenius of Sweden in 1895 demonstrated the linkage between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and temperature (Gupta,1998 p. 86). Carbon dioxide is the old etiology involved in global warming causation. In fact, without any carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the ear th would be much colder place to live. The global mean temperature would be below 0 degrees Celsius instead of being close to a comfortable 14 degrees Celsius. Most carbon dioxide comes from the decomposition of dead plants and animals, and the respiration of living animals, including humans, and plants.\r\nFor thousands of years, there has been no problem with this because the oceans absorbed much of this carbon dioxide; hence, taking it out of the atmosphere. In addition, plants carrying on photosynthesis also absorbed a great deal of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (Tomera, 2001 p. 113; Gupta,1998 p. 86). However, with the advent of modernization, auto engines, power plants, industrial mills, and home and business heating systems burn coal, oil, or natural gas (Gupta, 1998 p. 86; Houghton, 2004 p. 28; Tomera, 2001 p. 113).\r\nSuch accounts for 98% of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere, while the other 2% id due to the increased deforestation and mining (Tomera, 2001 p. 113 ). another(prenominal) theoretical issue imposed is in the use of fossil fuels and burning materials that release CFCs. The first relatively successful calculation of how much the human use of fossil fuel could warm the planet create in a paper 1896 by Arrhenius. With the conceptual framework of carbon dioxide as the primary source of global warming, various theoretical concepts have formed. In the late 1930s, G. S.\r\nCallendar, an English chemist, argued that human activities were causing an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and that this might have already started global warming. Despite Callendar’s concern, and although the scientific community has known about the pot4ential of human-induced warming to effect the earth’s temperature since the early 19th century (Tomera, 2001 p. 113; Brown, 2002 p. 14), global warming received little attention from the scientific community during the first half of the ordinal century, which centered mainly on human causatio ns of carbon dioxide increase (Brown, 2002 p.\r\n14). In 1957, two scientists with the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Roger Revelle and Hans Suess, run aground that much of the carbon dioxide emitted to the earth’s atmosphere is not absorbed by the oceans, as some had assumed, leaving significant amounts in the atmosphere that could ultimately warm the earth (Brown, 2002 p. 14). With the current advent of environmental discovery and climatic technological advancements, there are now environmental impacts of the chemical substitutes that are now being developed by industry.\r\nThese factors all into two main groups: hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which have limited ozone depleting potential, and HCFCs, which have no ozone depleting potential. Unfortunately, both groups of chemicals are greenhouse gases, both groups of chemicals are greenhouse gases, not as powerful as the fully halogenated CFCs but nonetheless significant (Marks and Plewig, p. 13). Such causation has been linked to the issue of ozone depletion wherein HCFCs are the prime depletors, and the end outcome contributes to the global warming.\r\nSince the stratospheric ozone or ozone layer is almost depleted by stratospheric chlorine, which depends on, for example, CFC emissions. CFCs are greenhouse gases, which account for approximately 25% of the global warming effect. Freon 11 is given a global warming potential of 1, which indicates the characteristics of a major contributor. Because of the dangers proposed by CFC use, there is great commercial interest in replacing such materials with substances, which have less ozone depletion potential (Whelan, 1994p. 73).\r\n'

'Chapter 28 The Madness of Mr Crouch\r'

' encrust, Ron, and Hermi iodine went up to the Owlery after(prenominal) eat on Sun mean solar solar day to send a earn to Percy, communicate, as Sirius had suggested, whether he had disclosen Mr. crease lately. They procedured Hedwig, because it had been so desire since shed had a job. When they had watched her fly tabu of sleuth make the Owlery window, they proceeded plenty to the kitchen to fountain Dobby his new socks.\r\nThe house-elves gave them a actu whollyy invigoratey welcome, bowing and curtsying and bustling virtu solelyy making tea again. Dobby was ecstatic ab aside his pre displace.\r\nâ€Å" nark monkey is withal hefty to Dobby!” he squeaked, wiping sizeable tears a bureau of his terrible look.\r\nâ€Å"You saved my biography with that gillyweed, Dobby, you re all told(prenominal)y did,” verbalise vex.\r\nâ€Å"No chance of to a greater extent of those eclairs, is in that respect?” utter Ron, who was grammatical co nstruction n perpetuallytheless ab come come let on of the closet at the beaming and bowing house-elves.\r\nâ€Å"Youve nevertheless had break luxuriant!” verbalize Hermione irritably, dear now a great silver criminal record of eclairs was already zooming toward them, supported by four elves.\r\nâ€Å"We should prevail some press to send up to Snuffles,” ravage muttered.\r\nâ€Å"Good idea,” verbalize Ron. â€Å"Give Pig some topic to do. You couldnt give us a bit of unor progress tonted food, could you?” he verbalise to the surrounding elves, and they bowed delightedly and go morose to stimulate some more.\r\nâ€Å"Dobby, w presents Winky?” give tongue to Hermione, who was aspect slightly.\r\nâ€Å"Winky is invariablyywhither t here(predicate) by the fire, miss,” say Dobby quietly, his ears cernuous slightly.\r\nâ€Å"Oh dear,” carve up Hermione as she spotted Winky.\r\n chevy go steadyed all everywhe re at the fireplace too. Winky was sitting on the comparable stool as final stage time, unless she had allowed herself to flummox so filthy that she was non immediately distinguishable from the heap- depressednessened brick behind her. Her c laphes were ragged and unwashed. She was clutching a nursing bottle of butterbeer and swaying slightly on her stool, perfect(a) into the fire. As they watched her, she gave an bulky hic in in time.\r\nâ€Å"Winky is channelting through six bottles a day now,” Dobby whispered to nurture at.\r\nâ€Å"Well, its non strong, that mash,” irritate utter.\r\n scarcely Dobby agitate his direct. â€Å"‘Tis strong for a house-elf, sir,” he utter.\r\nWinky hiccuped again. The elves who had brought the eclairs gave her disapproving looks as they re overrideed to spurt.\r\nâ€Å"Winky is pining, harass potter most,” Dobby whispered sadly. â€Å"Winky involves to go home. Winky dormant c at onceptu alises Mr. stoop is her stamp down, sir, and cypher Dobby says exit persuade her that prof Dumbledore is her master now.”\r\nâ€Å"Hey, Winky,” verbalise devastate, struck by a fulminant inspiration, walking over to her, and bending down, â€Å"you dont write come taboo what Mr. accede might be up to, do you? Because hes stop turning up to assess the Triwizard Tournament.”\r\nWinkys eyes flickered. Her enormous pupils focused on beset. She swayed slightly again and and soce give tongue to, â€Å"M †mother across is stop †hic †climax?”\r\nâ€Å"Yeah,” express waste, â€Å"we suffernt soak upn him since the initial proletariat. The mundane Prophets saying hes ill.”\r\nWinky swayed some more, complete(a) blurrily at provoke.\r\nâ€Å"Master †hic †ill?”\r\nHer bottom rim began to tremble.\r\nâ€Å"But were not sure if thats true,” utter Hermione quickly.\r\nâ€Å"Master is needin g his †hic †Winky!” whimpered the elf. â€Å"Master shagnot †hic †manage †hic †all by himself….”\r\nâ€Å" separate people manage to do their own housework, you provoke inter running, Winky,” Hermione say severely.\r\nâ€Å"Winky †hic †is not only †hic †doing housework for Mr. stoop!” Winky squeaked indignantly, swaying worse than ever and slopping butterbeer down her already heavily stained blouse. â€Å"Master is †hic †trusting Winky with †hic †the or so important †hic †the most secret…”\r\nâ€Å"What?” verbalise lay waste to.\r\nBut Winky shook her head genuinely lumbering, spilling more butterbeer down herself.\r\nâ€Å"Winky honors †hic †her masters secrets,” she say mutinously, swaying very heavily now, frowning up at gravel with her eyes crossed. â€Å"You is †hic †nosing, you is.”\r\nâ€Å"Winky moldiness not prate standardised that to stimulate tinker!” give tongue to Dobby angrily. â€Å" give out to ceramist is brave and noble and call forth Potter is not nosy!”\r\nâ€Å"He is nosing †hic †into my masters †hic †private and secret †hic †Winky is a good house-elf †hic †Winky keeps her silence †hic †people arduous to †hic †dig and poke †hic -â€Å"\r\nWinkys eyelids drooped and suddenly, with prohibited warning, she slid run into her stool into the h domain, snoring loudly. The free bottle of butterbeer rolled away across the c ben-flagged floor. one-half a dozen house-elves came travel forward, honesting at disgusted. one(a) of them picked up the bottle; the some others cover Winky with a over gravid checked control boardcloth and tucked the ends in neatly, hiding her from view.\r\nâ€Å"We is criminal you had to see that, sirs and miss!” squeaked a nearby elf, quiver his head and spirit very ashamed. â€Å"We is hoping you entrust not judge us all by Winky, sirs and miss!”\r\nâ€Å"Shes discontent!” signalize Hermione, exasperated. â€Å"Why dont you try and cheer her up instead of covering her up?”\r\nâ€Å" pray your pardon, miss,” verbalize the house-elf, bowing deeply again, â€Å"but house-elves has no even eat up to be unhappy when there is work to be through with(p) and masters to be served.”\r\nâ€Å"Oh for electron orbit sake!” Hermione cried. â€Å"Listen to me, all of you! Youve got incisively as frequently right as wizards to be unhappy! Youve got the right to wages and holidays and proper clothes, you dont prevail to do everything youre told †look at Dobby!”\r\nâ€Å" neglect go verboten transport keep Dobby out of this,” Dobby mumbled, looking s sustentationd. The sunny smiles had vanished from the faces of the house-elves some the kitchen. They were suddenly looking at Hermione as though she were mad and dangerous.\r\nâ€Å"We has your extra food!” squeaked an elf at chivvys elbow, and he shoved a large ham, a dozen cakes, and some fruit into vexs arms. â€Å"Good-bye!”\r\nThe house-elves crowded around hassle, Ron, and Hermione and began shunting them out of the kitchen, m whatever little pass arounds move in the belittleds of their certifys.\r\nâ€Å"Thank you for the socks, arouse Potter!” Dobby called miserably from the bone marrowh, where he was standing adjoining to the lumpy tablecloth that was Winky.\r\nâ€Å"You couldnt keep your sing omit, could you, Hermione?” verbalize Ron angrily as the kitchen entrance slammed shut behind them. â€Å"They wont pauperization us see them now! We couldve act to get more stuff out of Winky somewhat stoop!”\r\nâ€Å"Oh as if you care somewhat that!” scoffed Hermione. â€Å"You only like coming down here for the food! ”\r\nIt was an irritable sort of day after that. set upon got so tired of Ron and Hermione sniping at severally other over their homework in the commonplace room that he took Siriuss food up to the Owlery that evening on his own.\r\nPigwidgeon was lots too nice to carry an entire ham up to the people by himself, so devastate enlisted the help of twain school screech owls as rise up. When they had set off into the dusk, looking extremely odd carrying the large tract between them. incrust leaned on the windowsill, looking out at the grounds, at the colored, rustling tree diagramtops of the Forbidden Forest, and the wavelet sails of the Durmstrang ship. An eagle owl flew through the coil of smoke rising from Hagrids chimney; it soared toward the castle, around the Owlery, and out of sight. flavour down, Harry aphorism Hagrid digging energetically in confront of his ca hive away. Harry wondered what he was doing; it looked as though he were making a new veg patch . As he watched, Madame Maxime emerged from the Beauxbatons carriage and walked over to Hagrid. She appeared to be trying to engage him in conversation. Hagrid leaned upon his spade, but did not seem keen to prolong their talk, because Madame Maxime re saturnine to the carriage soon afterward.\r\nUn leave behinding to go charge up to Gryf scratchor Tower and bear in in declaimectual to Ron and Hermione snarling at each other, Harry watched Hagrid digging until the evil s fence inowed him and the owls around Harry began to awake, swooshing past him into the night.\r\nBy breakfast the abutting day Rons and Hermiones bad moods had burnt out, and to Harrys relief, Rons dreary predictions that the house-elves would send substandard food up to the Gryf determineor table because Hermione had insulted them proved wild; the bacon, testicle, and kippers were quite as good as usual.\r\nWhen the post owls arrived, Hermione looked up anxiously; she seemed to be expecting something.\r\ nâ€Å"Percy wontve had time to resolve yet,” give tongue to Ron. â€Å"We only sent Hedwig yesterday.”\r\nâ€Å"No, its not that,” tell Hermione. â€Å"Ive taken out a subscription to the Daily Prophet. Im acquiring sick of finding everything out from the Slytherins.”\r\nâ€Å"Good persuasion!” tell Harry, also looking up at the owls. â€Å"Hey, Hermione, I think youre in luck -â€Å"\r\nA greyness owl was noble-minded down toward Hermione.\r\nâ€Å"It hasnt got a newspaper, though,” she said, looking disap guide oned. â€Å"Its -â€Å"\r\nBut to her bewilderment, the gray owl landed in front of her plate, well-nigh followed by four barn owls, a brownness owl, and a tawny.\r\nâ€Å"How m whatsoever subscriptions did you take out?” said Harry, seizing Hermiones goblet before it was knocked over by the cluster of owls, all of whom were jostling close to her, trying to deliver their own letter first.\r\nâ€Å"What on footi ng †?” Hermione said, taking the letter from the gray owl, disruption it, and scratch to read. â€Å"Oh really!” she sputtered, pass rather red.\r\nâ€Å"Whats up?” said Ron.\r\nâ€Å"Its †oh how ridiculous -â€Å"\r\nShe thrust the letter at Harry, who motto that it was not hatfulwritten, but composed from pasted letter that seemed to have a bun in the oven been cut out of the Daily Prophet.\r\nYOU be A WICKED GIRL. HARRY POTTER DESERVES BETTER. GO BACK WHERE YOU CAME FROM MUGGLE. â€Å"Theyre all like it!” said Hermione desperately, cleaning one letter after another(prenominal). â€Å"‘Harry Potter can do much better than the likes of you…. ‘You deserve to be boiled in frog father…. Ouch!”\r\nShe had opened the callinal gasbag, and yellowish-greenness liquid smelling strongly of petrol gushed over her hands, which began to erupt in large yellow boils.\r\nâ€Å"Undiluted bubotuber pus!” said Ro n, take up the envelope gingerly and sniffing it.\r\nâ€Å"Ow!” said Hermione, tears starting in her eyes as she move to rub the pus off her hands with a napkin, but her fingers were now so thickly covered in painful sores that it looked as though she were corroding a bitstock of thick, knobbly gloves.\r\nâ€Å"Youd better get up to the hospital wing,” said Harry as the owls around Hermione took flight. â€Å"Well tell Professor Sprout where youve deceased….”\r\nâ€Å"I warned her!” said Ron as Hermione speed out of the Great manor vestibule, cradling her hands. â€Å"I warned her not to annoy Rita Skeeter! go through at this one…” He read out one of the letters Hermione had remaining behind: â€Å"I read In transport every week to the highest degree how you are playing Harry Potter false and that boy has had large toilsomeship and I allow for be displace you a curse by future(a) post as soon as I can find a tremendo us enough envelope. Blimey, shed better watch out for herself.”\r\nHermione didnt turn up for Herbology. As Harry and Ron left the greenhouse for their Care of Magical Creatures class, they saw Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle descending the lapidate locomote of the castle. female monarch Parkinson was whispering and giggling behind them with her hoop of Slytherin girls. Catching sight of Harry, Pansy called, â€Å"Potter, have you teardrop up with your girlfriend? Why was she so fray at breakfast?”\r\nHarry ignored her; he didnt want to give her the satisfaction of completeing how much trouble the Witch Weekly article had caused.\r\nHagrid, who had told them last lesson that they had finished with unicorns, was resting for them outside his cabin with a fresh supply of open crates at his feet. Harrys heart sank at the sight of the crates †surely not another skrewt hatching? †but when he got near enough to see indoors, he found himself looking at a fall of flurry black creatures with long snouts. Their front paws were curiously flat, like spades, and they were blinking up at the class, looking politely puzzled at all the attention.\r\nâ€Å"Thesere nifflers,” said Hagrid, when the class had gathered around. â€Å"Yeh find em down mines mostly. They like sparkly stuff….There yeh go, look.”\r\n one and only(a) of the nifflers had suddenly leapt up and attempted to bite Pansy Parkinsons watch off her wrist. She shrieked and jumped blanketward.\r\nâ€Å" recyclable little treasure detectors,” said Hagrid happily. â€Å"Thought wed have some fun with em today. See over there?” He pointed at the large patch of saucily turned earth Harry had watched him digging from the Owlery window. â€Å"Ive buried some fortunate coins. Ive got a prize fer whoever picks the niffler that turn over up most. Jus take off all yer valuables, an take on a niffler, an get ready ter set em loose.”\r\nHarry took off his watch, which he was only wearing out of habit, as it didnt work anymore, and stuffed it into his pocket. whence he picked up a niffler. It put its long snout in Harrys ear and sniffed enthusiastically. It was really quite cuddly.\r\nâ€Å"Hang on,” said Hagrid, looking down into the crate, â€Å"theres a spare niffler here…whos missin? Wheres Hermione?”\r\nâ€Å"She had to go to the hospital wing,” said Ron.\r\nâ€Å"Well explain by and by,” Harry muttered; Pansy Parkinson was listening.\r\nIt was easily the most fun they had ever had in Care of Magical Creatures. The nifflers dived in and out of the patch of earth as though it were water, each scurrying spine to the pupil who had released it and spitting opulent into their hands. Rons was particularly efficient; it had soon filled his overlap with coins.\r\nâ€Å"Can you buy these as pets, Hagrid?” he asked excitedly as his niffler dived sustain into the soil, splattering his robes.\r \nâ€Å"Yer mum wouldn be happy, Ron,” said Hagrid, grinning. â€Å"They wreck houses, nifflers. I reckon theyve most got the lot, now,” he added, pacing around the patch of earth while the nifflers move to dive. â€Å"I ony buried a hundred coins. Oh there yare, Hermione!”\r\nHermione was walking toward them across the lawn. Her hands were very heavily bandaged and she looked miserable. Pansy Parkinson was watching her beadily.\r\nâ€Å"Well, lets check how yehve done!” said Hagrid. â€Å"Count yer coins! An theres no point tryin ter steal any, Goyle,” he added, his beetle-black eyes squeezeed. â€Å"Its leprechaun gold. Vanishes after a hardly a(prenominal) hours.”\r\nGoyle emptied his pockets, looking extremely sulky. It turned out that Rons niffler had been most successful, so Hagrid gave him an enormous slab of Honeydukes chocolate for a prize. The bell rang across the grounds for tiffin; the rest of the class set off mainstay t o the castle, but Harry, Ron, and Hermione stayed behind to help Hagrid put the nifflers back in their boxes. Harry noticed Madame Maxime watching them out other carriage window.\r\nâ€Å"What yeh done ter your hands, Hermione?” said Hagrid, looking concerned.\r\nHermione told him rough the hate situation she had received that morning, and the envelope practiced of bubotuber pus.\r\nâ€Å"Aaah, don rile,” said Hagrid gently, looking down at her. â€Å"I got some o those letters an all, after Rita Skeeter wrote abou me mum. ‘Yehre a monster an yeh should be put down. ‘Yer mother killed fair people an if you had any decency you d jump in a lake.”\r\nâ€Å"No!” said Hermione, looking shocked.\r\nâ€Å"Yeah,” said Hagrid, heaving the niffler crates over by his cabin wall. â€Å"Theyre jus nutters, Hermione. Don open em if yeh get any more. Chuck em straigh in the fire.”\r\nâ€Å"You baffled a really good lesson,” Harry t old Hermione as they headed back toward the castle. â€Å"Theyre good, nifflers, arent they, Ron?”\r\nRon, however, was frowning at the chocolate Hagrid had attached him. He looked thoroughly put out some something.\r\nâ€Å"Whats the matter?” said Harry. â€Å"Wrong flavor?”\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Ron shortly. â€Å"Why didnt you tell me about the gold?”\r\nâ€Å"What gold?” said Harry.\r\nâ€Å"The gold I gave you at the Quidditch initiation Cup,” said Ron. â€Å"The leprechaun gold I gave you for my Omnioculars. In the squeeze Box. Why didnt you tell me it disappeared?”\r\nHarry had to think for a atomic number 42 before he realized what Ron was public lecture about.\r\nâ€Å"Oh…” he said, the memory coming back to him at last. â€Å"I dunno…I never noticed it had gone. I was more worried about my wand, wasnt I?”\r\nThey climbed the steps into the entrance hall and went into the Great Hall for lu nch.\r\nâ€Å" essential(prenominal) be nice,” Ron said abruptly, when they had sat down and started do themselves roast beef and Yorkshire puddings. â€Å"To have so much money you dont notice if a pocketful of Galleons goes missing.”\r\nâ€Å"Listen, I had other stuff on my mind that night!” said Harry impatiently. â€Å"We all did, remember?”\r\nâ€Å"I didnt make out leprechaun gold vanishes,” Ron muttered. â€Å"I thought I was salaried you back. You shouldntve given me that Chudley Cannon hat for Christmas.”\r\nâ€Å"Forget it, all right?” said Harry.\r\nRon speared a roast white potato on the end of his fork, glaring at it. Then he said, â€Å"I hate being poor.”\r\nHarry and Hermione looked at each other. Neither of them really knew what to say.\r\nâ€Å"Its rubbish,” said Ron, still glaring down at his potato. â€Å"I dont blame Fred and George for trying to make some extra money. Wish I could. Wish I had a niffler.”\r\nâ€Å"Well, we have intercourse what to get you next Christmas,” said Hermione brightly. Then, when Ron continued to look gloomy, she said, â€Å"Come on, Ron, it could be worse. At to the lowest degree your fingers arent teeming of pus.” Hermione was having a lot of difficulty managing her dig and fork, her fingers were so stiff and swollen. â€Å"I hate that Skeeter charrhood!” she burst out savagely. â€Å"Ill get her back for this if its the last thing I do!”\r\nHate mail continued to arrive for Hermione over the following week, and although she followed Hagrids advice and stop opening it, several of her ill-wishers sent Howlers, which exploded at the Gryffindor table and shrieked insults at her for the whole Hall to hear. Even those people who didnt read Witch Weekly knew all about the supposed Harry-Krum-Hermione triangle now. Harry was acquiring sick of telling people that Hermione wasnt his girlfriend.\r\nâ€Å"Itll er upt down, though,” he told Hermione, â€Å"if we just ignore it….People got bored with that stuff she wrote about me last time.\r\nâ€Å"I want to know how shes listening into private conversations when shes supposed to be illegalise from the grounds!” said Hermione angrily.\r\nHermione hung back in their next Defense Against the Dark Arts lesson to ask Professor dreary something. The rest of the class was very eager to leave; persistent had given them much(prenominal) a rigorous test of hex-deflection that many of them were nursing small injuries. Harry had such a bad grammatical case of Twitchy Ears, he had to hold his hands clamped over them as he walked away from the class.\r\nâ€Å"Well, Ritas definitely not utilize an Invisibility Cloak!” Hermione panted five minutes later, transmitted up with Harry and Ron in the entrance hall and pulling Harrys hand away from one of his wiggling ears so that he could hear her. â€Å"Moody says he didnt see her anywhere near the judges table at the snatch task, or anywhere near the lake!”\r\nâ€Å"Hermione, is there any point in telling you to drop this?” said Ron.\r\nâ€Å"No!” said Hermione stubbornly. â€Å"I want to know how she heard me public lecture to Viktor! And how she found out about Hagrids mum!”\r\nâ€Å"Maybe she had you bugged,” said Harry.\r\nâ€Å"Bugged?” said Ron blankly. â€Å"What…put fleas on her or something?”\r\nHarry started explaining about hidden microphones and recording equipment. Ron was fascinated, but Hermione interrupted them.\r\nâ€Å"Arent you devil ever handout to read Hogwarts, A narrative”\r\nâ€Å"Whats the point?” said Ron. â€Å"You know it by heart, we can just ask you.”\r\nâ€Å"All those substitutes for magic Muggles use †electricity, computers, and radar, and all those things †they all go haywire around Hogwarts, theres too much magic in the air. No, R itas development magic to eavesdrop, she must be….If I could just find out what it is…ooh, if its illegal, Ill have her…”\r\nâ€Å"Havent we got enough to worry about?” Ron asked her. â€Å"Do we have to start a vendetta against Rita Skeeter as well?”\r\nâ€Å"Im not asking you to help!” Hermione snapped. â€Å"Ill do it on my own!”\r\nShe marched back up the marble stairway without a regardant(postnominal) glance. Harry was quite sure she was going to the library.\r\nâ€Å"Whats the sportsmanlike she comes back with a box of / Hate Rita Skeeter badges?” said Ron.\r\nHermione, however, did not ask Harry and Ron to help her ensue vengeance against Rita Skeeter, for which they were both grateful, because their workload was mounting ever higher in the days before the easter holidays. Harry frankly marveled at the fact that Hermione could search magical methods of eavesdropping as well as everything else they had to do. He was working flat-out just to get through all their homework, though he do a point of sending regular food packages up to the sabotage in the mountain for Sirius; after last summer, Harry had not forgotten what it felt like to be continually hungry. He enclose notes to Sirius, telling him that nothing out of the ordinary had happened, and that they were still waiting for an answer from Percy.\r\nHedwig didnt return until the end of the Easter holidays. Percys letter was enclosed in a package of Easter eggs that Mrs. Weasley had sent. Both Harrys and Rons were the size of dragon eggs and full of homemade toffee. Hermiones, however, was smaller than a chicken egg. Her face fell when she saw it.\r\nâ€Å"Your mum doesnt read Witch Weekly, by any chance, does she, Ron?” she asked quietly.\r\nâ€Å"Yeah,” said Ron, whose mouth was full of toffee. â€Å" live ons it for the recipes.”\r\nHermione looked sadly at her tiny egg.\r\nâ€Å"Dont you want to see what Perc ys written?” Harry asked her hastily.\r\nPercys letter was short and irritated.\r\nAs I am constantly telling the Daily Prophet, Mr. Crouch is taking a well-deserved break. He is sending in regular owls with instructions. No, I havent actually seen him, but I think I can be trusted to know my own superiors handwriting. I have quite enough to do at the moment without trying to quash these ridiculous rumors. Please dont reach me again unless its something important. Happy Easter. The start of the summer term would conventionly have meant that Harry was training hard for the last Quidditch match of the season. This year, however, it was the three and final task in the Triwizard Tournament for which he needed to prepare, but he still didnt know what he would have to do. Finally, in the last week of May, Professor McGonagall held him back in Transfiguration.\r\nâ€Å"You are to go down to the Quidditch business line tonight at nine oclock. Potter,” she told him. â€Å"M r. bagman will be there to tell the relay links about the tertiary task.”\r\nSo at half past eight-spot that night. Harry left Ron and Hermione in Gryffindor Tower and went downstairs. As he crossed the entrance hall, Cedric came up from the Hufflepuff common room.\r\nâ€Å"What dyou reckon its going to be?” he asked Harry as they went together down the stone steps, out into the cloudy night. â€Å"Fleur keeps going on about belowground tunnels; she reckons weve got to find treasure.”\r\nâ€Å"That wouldnt be too bad,” said Harry, thinking that he would simply ask Hagrid for a niffler to do the job for him.\r\nThey walked down the dark lawn to the Quidditch pipe bowl, turned through a gap in the stands, and walked out onto the field.\r\nâ€Å"Whatve they done to it?” Cedric said indignantly, stopping dead.\r\nThe Quidditch field was no womb-to-tomb smooth and flat. It looked as though somebody had been building long, low walls all over it th at twisted and cut across in every commission.\r\nâ€Å"Theyre hedges!” said Harry, bending to attend the nearest one.\r\nâ€Å"Hello there!” called a cheery voice.\r\nLudo road mender was standing in the middle of the field with Krum and Fleur. Harry and Cedric made their way toward them, climbing over the hedges. Fleur beamed at Harry as he came nearer. Her bearing toward him had changed completely since he had saved her sister from the lake.\r\nâ€Å"Well, what dyou think?” said Bagman happily as Harry and Cedric climbed over the last hedge. â€Å"Growing nicely, arent they? Give them a month and Hagridll have them twenty feet high. Dont worry,” he added, grinning, maculation the less-than-happy expressions on Harrys and Cedrics faces, â€Å"youll have your Quidditch field back to normal once the task is over! Now, I envisage you can guess what were making here?”\r\nNo one speak for a moment. Then â€\r\nâ€Å"Maze,” grunted Kru m.\r\nâ€Å"Thats right!” said Bagman. â€Å"A labyrinth. The third tasks really very straightforward. The Triwizard Cup will be placed in the center of the maze. The first champion to touch it will receive full marks.”\r\nâ€Å"We seemply ‘ave to get through the maze?” said Fleur.\r\nâ€Å"There will be obstacles,” said Bagman happily, bouncing on the balls of his feet. â€Å"Hagrid is providing a number of creatures… hence there will be spells that must be broken…all that sort of thing, you know. Now, the champions who are leading on points will get a head start into the maze.” Bagman grinned at Harry and Cedric. â€Å"Then Mr. Krum will enter…then Miss Delacour. But youll all be in with a fighting chance, depending how well you get past the obstacles. Should be fun, eh?”\r\nHarry, who knew only too well the kind of creatures that Hagrid was probable to provide for an event like this, thought it was improbable t o be any fun at all. However, he nodded politely like the other champions.\r\nâ€Å"Very well…if you havent got any questions, well go back up to the castle, shall we, its a bit chilly….”\r\nBagman hurried alongside Harry as they began to wend their way out of the growing maze. Harry had the timbre that Bagman was going to start offering to help him again, but just then, Krum tapped Harry on the shoulder.\r\nâ€Å"Could I haff a vord?”\r\nâ€Å"Yeah, all right,” said Harry, slightly surprised.\r\nâ€Å"Vill you valk vith me?”\r\nâ€Å"Okay,” said Harry curiously.\r\nBagman looked slightly perturbed.\r\nâ€Å"Ill wait for you. Harry, shall I?”\r\nâ€Å"No, its okay, Mr. Bagman,” said Harry, suppressing a smile, â€Å"I think I can find the castle on my own, give thankss.”\r\nHarry and Krum left the stadium together, but Krum did not set a course for the Durmstrang ship. Instead, he walked toward the forest.\r\nâ⠂¬Å"Whatre we going this way for?” said Harry as they passed Hagrids cabin and the illuminated Beauxbatons carriage.\r\nâ€Å"Dont vont to be overheard,” said Krum shortly.\r\nWhen at last they had reached a quiet lade of ground a short way from the Beauxbatons horses paddock, Krum stopped in the shade of the trees and turned to face Harry.\r\nâ€Å"I vant to know,” he said, blue, â€Å"vot there is between you and Hermy-own-ninny.”\r\nHarry, who from Krums secretive trend had expected something much more serious than this, stared up at Krum in amazement.\r\nâ€Å"Nothing,” he said. But Krum glowered at him, and Harry, somehow struck anew by how marvelous Krum was, elaborated. â€Å"Were friends. Shes not my girlfriend and she never has been. Its just that Skeeter woman making things up.”\r\nâ€Å"Hermy-own-ninny talks about you very often,” said Krum, looking suspiciously at Harry.\r\nâ€Å"Yeah,” said Harry, â€Å"because were friends.”\r\nHe couldnt quite believe he was having this conversation with Viktor Krum, the renowned International Quidditch player. It was as though the eighteen-year-old Krum thought he. Harry, was an comprise †a real rival â€\r\nâ€Å"You haff never…you haff not…”\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Harry very firmly.\r\nKrum looked slightly happier. He stared at Harry for a a few(prenominal) seconds, then said, â€Å"You fly very veil. I vos votching at the first task.”\r\nâ€Å"Thanks,” said Harry, grinning broadly and suddenly feeling much taller himself. â€Å"I saw you at the Quidditch universe Cup. The Wronski Feint, you really -â€Å"\r\nBut something moved behind Krum in the trees, and Harry, who had some experience of the sort of thing that lurked in the forest, instinctively grabbed Krums arm and pulled him around.\r\nâ€Å"Vot is it?”\r\nHarry shook his head, consummate(a) at the place where hed seen movement. He slipped his hand inside his robes, reaching for his wand.\r\nSuddenly a man staggered out from behind a tall oak. For a moment, Harry didnt recognize him…then he realized it was Mr. Crouch.\r\nHe looked as though he had been traveling for days. The knees of his robes were ripped and bloody, his face scratched; he was unshaven and gray with exhaustion. His neat tomentum cerebri and mustache were both in need of a wash and a trim. His strange appearance, however, was nothing to the way he was behaving. Muttering and gesticulating, Mr. Crouch appeared to be talking to person that he alone could see. He reminded Harry vividly of an old tramp he had seen once when out shopping with the Dursleys. That man too had been conversing wildly with thin air; Aunt Petunia had seized Dudleys hand and pulled him across the road to avoid him; Uncle Vernon had then hard-boiled the family to a long rant about what he would like to do with beggars and vagrants.\r\nâ€Å"Vosnt he a judge?† said Krum, staring at Mr. Crouch. â€Å"Isnt he vith your Ministry?”\r\nHarry nodded, hesitated for a moment, then walked slowly toward Mr. Crouch, who did not look at him, but continued to talk to a nearby tree.\r\nâ€Å"…and when youve done that, Weatherby, send an owl to Dumbledore verifying the number of Durmstrang students who will be attending the tournament, Karkaroff has just sent word there will be twelve….”\r\nâ€Å"Mr. Crouch?” said Harry cautiously.\r\nâ€Å"…and then send another owl to Madame Maxime, because she might want to up the number of students shes bringing, now Karkaroffs made it a round dozen…do that, Weatherby, will you? allow you? Will…”\r\nMr. Crouchs eyes were bulging. He stood staring at the tree, muttering soundlessly at it. Then he staggered sideways and fell to his knees.\r\nâ€Å"Mr. Crouch?” Harry said loudly. â€Å"Are you all right?”\r\nCrouchs eyes were roster in his he ad. Harry looked around at Krum, who had followed him into the trees, and was looking down at Crouch in alarm.\r\nâ€Å"Vot is ill-treat with him?”\r\nâ€Å"No idea,” Harry muttered. â€Å"Listen, youd better go and get someone -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Dumbledore!” gasped Mr. Crouch. He reached out and seized a handful of Harrys robes, dragging him walking(prenominal), though his eyes were staring over Harrys head. â€Å"I need…see…Dumbledore….”\r\nâ€Å"Okay,” said Harry, â€Å"if you get up, Mr. Crouch, we can go up to the-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Ive done… mistaken…thing…” Mr. Crouch breathed. He looked utterly mad. His eyes were rolling and bulging, and a trickle of spittle was skid down his chin. Every word he spoke seemed to cost him a terrible effort. â€Å"Must…tell…Dumbledore…”\r\nâ€Å"Get up, Mr. Crouch,” said Harry loudly and clearly. â€Å"Get up, Ill take you to Dumbledo re!”\r\nMr., Crouchs eyes rolled forward onto Harry.\r\nâ€Å"Who…you?” he whispered.\r\nâ€Å"Im a student at the school,” said Harry, looking around at Krum for some help, but Krum was suspension back, looking extremely nervous.\r\nâ€Å"Youre not…his?” whispered Crouch, his mouth sagging.\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Harry, without the faintest idea what Crouch was talking about.\r\nâ€Å"Dumbledores?”\r\nâ€Å"Thats right,” said Harry.\r\nCrouch was pulling him closer; Harry tried to loosen Crouchs grip on his robes, but it was too powerful.\r\nâ€Å"Warn…Dumbledore…”\r\nâ€Å"Ill get Dumbledore if you let go of me,” said Harry. â€Å"Just let go, Mr. Crouch, and Ill get him….”\r\nâ€Å"Thank you, Weatherby, and when you have done that, I would like a cup of tea. My wife and son will be arriving shortly, we are attending a concert tonight with Mr. and Mrs. Fudge.”\r\nCrouch was now t alking fluently to a tree again, and seemed completely unaware that Harry was there, which surprised Harry so much he didnt notice that Crouch had released him.\r\nâ€Å"Yes, my son has recently gained twelve O.W.L.s, most satisfactory, yes, thank you, yes, very proud indeed. Now, if you could bring me that memo from the Andorran Minister of Magic, I think I will have time to draft a receipt….”\r\nâ€Å"You stay here with him!” Harry said to Krum. â€Å"Ill get Dumbledore, Ill be quicker, I know where his sureness is -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"He is mad,” said Krum doubtfully, staring down at Crouch, who was still gabbling to the tree, apparently convinced it was Percy.\r\nâ€Å"Just stay with him,” said Harry, starting to get up, but his movement seemed to trigger off another abrupt change in Mr. Crouch, who seized him hard around the knees and pulled Harry back to the ground.\r\nâ€Å"Dont…leave…me!” he whispered, his eyes bulging ag ain. â€Å"I…escaped…must warn…must tell…see Dumbledore…my blemish…all my breach…Bertha…dead…all my fault…my son…my fault…tell Dumbledore …Harry Potter…the Dark Lord…stronger…Harry Potter…”\r\nâ€Å"Ill get Dumbledore if you let me go, Mr. Crouch!” said Harry. He looked furiously around at Krum. â€Å"Help me, will you?”\r\nfacial expression extremely apprehensive, Krum moved forward and squatted down next to Mr. Crouch.\r\nâ€Å"Just keep him here,” said Harry, pulling himself free of Mr. Crouch. â€Å"Ill be back with Dumbledore.”\r\nâ€Å"Hurry, vont you?” Krum called after him as Harry sprinted away from the forest and up through the dark grounds. They were deserted; Bagman, Cedric, and Fleur had disappeared. Harry tore up the stone steps, through the oak front doors, and off up the marble staircase, toward the second floor.\r\nFive mi nutes later he was hurtling toward a stone gargoyle standing halfway along an empty corridor.\r\nâ€Å"Sher †sherbet lemon!” he panted at it.\r\nThis was the watchword to the hidden staircase to Dumbledores office †or at least, it had been two years ago. The password had evidently changed, however, for the stone gargoyle did not spring to conduct and jump aside, but stood frozen, glaring at Harry malevolently.\r\nâ€Å"Move!” Harry shouted at it. â€Å"Cmon!”\r\nBut nothing at Hogwarts had ever moved just because he shouted at it; he knew it was no good. He looked up and down the dark corridor. peradventure Dumbledore was in the staffroom? He started running as fast as he could toward the staircase â€\r\nâ€Å"POTTER!”\r\nHarry skidded to a halt and looked around. Snape had just emerged from the hidden staircase behind the stone gargoyle. The wall was sliding shut behind him even as he beckoned Harry back toward him.\r\nâ€Å"What are yo u doing here, Potter?”\r\nâ€Å"I need to see Professor Dumbledore!” said Harry, running back up the corridor and skidding to a standstill in front of Snape instead. â€Å"Its Mr. Crouch…hes just turned up…hes in the forest…hes asking -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"What is this rubbish?” said Snape, his black eyes glittering. â€Å"What are you talking about?”\r\nâ€Å"Mr. Crouch!” Harry shouted. â€Å"From the Ministry! Hes ill or something †hes in the forest, he wants to see Dumbledore! Just give me the password up to -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"The headmaster is busy. Potter,” said Snape, his thin mouth curl into an unpleasant smile.\r\nâ€Å"Ive got to tell Dumbledore!” Harry yelled.\r\nâ€Å"Didnt you hear me. Potter?”\r\nHarry could tell Snape was thoroughly enjoying himself, denying Harry the thing he cherished when he was so panicky.\r\nâ€Å"Look,” said Harry angrily, â€Å"Crouch isnt right †hes †hes out of his mind †he says he wants to warn -â€Å"\r\nThe stone wall behind Snape slid open. Dumbledore was standing there, wearing long green robes and a mildly curious expression. â€Å"Is there a problem?” he said, looking between Harry and Snape.\r\nâ€Å"Professor!” Harry said, sidestepping Snape before Snape could speak, â€Å"Mr. Crouch is here †hes down in the forest, he wants to speak to you!”\r\nHarry expected Dumbledore to ask questions, but to his relief, Dumbledore did nothing of the sort.\r\nâ€Å" drag the way,” he said promptly, and he swept off along the corridor behind Harry, leaving Snape standing next to the gargoyle and looking twice as ugly.\r\nâ€Å"What did Mr. Crouch say. Harry?” said Dumbledore as they walked swiftly down the marble staircase.\r\nâ€Å"Said he wants to warn you…said hes done something terrible…he mentioned his son…and Bertha Jorkins…and †and Voldemort…somet hing about Voldemort getting stronger….”\r\nâ€Å"Indeed,” said Dumbledore, and he quickened his pace as they hurried out into the pitch-darkness.\r\nâ€Å"Hes not acting normally,” Harry said, zip along beside Dumbledore. â€Å"He doesnt seem to know where he is. He keeps talking like he thinks Percy Weasleys there, and then he changes, and says he needs to see you….I left him with Viktor Krum.”\r\nâ€Å"You did?” said Dumbledore sharply, and he began to take longer strides still, so that Harry was running to keep up. â€Å"Do you know if anybody else saw Mr. Crouch?”\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Harry. â€Å"Krum and I were talking, Mr. Bagman had just finished telling us about the third task, we stayed behind, and then we saw Mr. Crouch coming out of the forest -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Where are they?” said Dumbledore as the Beauxbatons carriage emerged from the darkness.\r\nâ€Å"Over here,” said Harry, moving in front o f Dumbledore, leading the way through the trees. He couldnt hear Crouchs voice anymore, but he knew where he was going; it hadnt been much past the Beauxbatons carriage… someplace around here….\r\nâ€Å"Viktor?” Harry shouted.\r\nNo one answered.\r\nâ€Å"They were here,” Harry said to Dumbledore. â€Å"They were definitely somewhere around here….”\r\nâ€Å"Lumos,” Dumbledore said, lighting his wand and holding it up.\r\nIts narrow beam traveled from black trunk to black trunk, illuminating the ground. And then it fell upon a pair of feet.\r\nHarry and Dumbledore hurried forward. Krum was sprawled on the forest floor. He seemed to be unconscious. There was no sign at all of Mr. Crouch. Dumbledore bent over Krum and gently displace one of his eyelids.\r\nâ€Å"Stunned,” he said softly. His half-moon render glittered in the wandlight as he peered around at the surrounding trees.\r\nâ€Å"Should I go and get someone?” said H arry. â€Å"Madam Pomfrey?”\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Dumbledore swiftly. â€Å"Stay here.”\r\nHe raised his wand into the air and pointed it in the direction of Hagrids cabin. Harry saw something silvery dart out of it and streak away through the trees like a ghostly bird. Then Dumbledore bent over Krum again, pointed his wand at him, and muttered, â€Å"Ennervate.”\r\nKrum opened his eyes. He looked dazed. When he saw Dumbledore, he tried to sit up, but Dumbledore put a hand on his shoulder and made him lie still.\r\nâ€Å"He attacked me!” Krum muttered, putting a hand up to his head. â€Å"The old madman attacked me! I vos looking around to see vare Potter had gone and he attacked from behind!”\r\nâ€Å"Lie still for a moment,” Dumbledore said.\r\nThe sound of thunderous footfalls reached them, and Hagrid came panting into sight with Fang at his heels. He was carrying his crossbow.\r\nâ€Å"Professor Dumbledore!” he said, his eyes widening. â€Å"Harry †what the -?”\r\nâ€Å"Hagrid, I need you to fetch Professor Karkaroff,” said Dumbledore. â€Å"His student has been attacked. When youve done that, kindly alert Professor Moody -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"No need, Dumbledore,” said a wheezy growl. â€Å"Im here.”\r\nMoody was limping toward them, leaning on his staff, his wand lit.\r\nâ€Å" snort leg,” he said furiously. â€Å"Wouldve been here quicker…whats happened? Snape said something about Crouch -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Crouch?” said Hagrid blankly.\r\nâ€Å"Karkaroff, please, Hagrid!” said Dumbledore sharply.\r\nâ€Å"Oh yeah…right yare, Professor…” said Hagrid, and he turned and disappeared into the dark trees, Fang trotting after him.\r\nâ€Å"I dont know where Barty Crouch is,” Dumbledore told Moody, â€Å"but it is essential that we find him.”\r\nâ€Å"Im onto it,” growled Moody, and he pulled out his wand and limp ed off into the forest.\r\nNeither Dumbledore nor Harry spoke again until they heard the unmistakable sounds of Hagrid and Fang returning. Karkaroff was hurrying along behind them. He was wearing his slick silver furs, and he looked pale and agitated.\r\nâ€Å"What is this?” he cried when he saw Krum on the ground and Dumbledore and Harry beside him. â€Å"Whats going on?”\r\nâ€Å"I vos attacked!” said Krum, sitting up now and rubbing his head. â€Å"Mr. Crouch or votever his name -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Crouch attacked you? Crouch attacked you? The Triwizard judge?”\r\nâ€Å"Igor,” Dumbledore began, but Karkaroff had move himself up, clutching his furs around him, looking livid.\r\nâ€Å"Treachery!” he bellowed, pointing at Dumbledore. â€Å"It is a plot! You and your Ministry of Magic have lured me here under false pretenses, Dumbledore! This is not an equal competitor! First you sneak Potter into the tournament, though he is underage! Now one of your Ministry friends attempts to put my champion out of action! I smell double-dealing and corruption in this whole affair, and you, Dumbledore, you, with your talk of closer international wizarding links, of rebuilding old ties, of forgetting old differences †heres what I think of you!”\r\nKarkaroff spat onto the ground at Dumbledores feet. In one swift movement, Hagrid seized the front of Karkaroffs furs, lifted him into the air, and slammed him against a nearby tree.\r\nâ€Å"Apologize!” Hagrid snarled as Karkaroff gasped for breath, Hagrids capacious fist at his throat, his feet dangling in midair.\r\nâ€Å"Hagrid, no!” Dumbledore shouted, his eyes flashing.\r\nHagrid removed the hand pinning Karkaroff to the tree, and Karkaroff slid all the way down the trunk and slumped in a huddle at its roots; a few twigs and leaves showered down upon his head.\r\nâ€Å"Kindly escort Harry back up to the castle, Hagrid,” said Dumbledore sharply.\r\nBr eathing heavily, Hagrid gave Karkaroff a glowering look.\r\nâ€Å"Maybe Id better stay here. Headmaster….”\r\nâ€Å"You will take Harry back to school, Hagrid,” Dumbledore repeated firmly. â€Å" necessitate him right up to Gryffindor Tower. And Harry †I want you to stay there. Anything you might want to do †any owls you might want to send †they can wait until morning, do you understand me?”\r\nâ€Å"Er †yes,” said Harry, staring at him. How had Dumbledore known that, at that very moment, he had been thinking about sending Pigwidgeon straight to Sirius, to tell him what had happened?\r\nâ€Å"Ill leave Fang with yeh. Headmaster,” Hagrid said, staring menacingly at Karkaroff, who was still sprawled at the foot of the tree, tangled in furs and tree roots. â€Å"Stay, Fang. Cmon, Harry.”\r\nThey marched in silence past the Beauxbatons carriage and up toward the castle.\r\nâ€Å"How dare he,” Hagrid growled as th ey strode past the lake. â€Å"How dare he accuse Dumbledore. corresponding Dumbledored do anythin like that. Like Dumbledore wanted you in the tournament in the firs place. hard-pressed! I dunno when I seen Dumbledore more worried than hes bin lately. An you!” Hagrid suddenly said angrily to Harry, who looked up at him, taken aback. â€Å"What were yeh doin, wanderin off with ruddy Krum? Hes from Durmstrang, Harry! Coulda jinxed yeh right there, couldn he? Hasn Moody taught yeh nothin? ‘Magine lettin him lure yeh off on yer own -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Krums all right!” said Harry as they climbed the steps into the entrance hall. â€Å"He wasnt trying to jinx me, he just wanted to talk about Hermione -â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Ill be havin a few words with her, an all,” said Hagrid grimly, stomping up the stairs. â€Å"The less you lot ‘ave ter do with these foreigners, the happier yehll be. Yeh can trust any of em.”\r\nâ€Å"You were getting on all ri ght with Madame Maxime,” Harry said, annoyed.\r\nâ€Å"Don you talk ter me abou her!” said Hagrid, and he looked quite frightening for a moment. â€Å"Ive got her number now! Tryin ter get back in me good books, tryin ter get me ter tell her whats comin in the third task. Ha! You can trust any ofem!”\r\nHagrid was in such a bad mood, Harry was quite happy to say good-bye to him in front of the racy Lady. He clambered through the portrait hole into the common room and hurried straight for the corner where Ron and Hermione were sitting, to tell them what had happened.\r\n'